Voeding en gezondheid

Onderzoeksvraag:
Het effect van druivenpolyfenolen op de bloeddruk blijft onduidelijk. Daarom werd dit overzichtsartikel uitgevoerd.

Verlaagt de inname van druivenpolyfenolen de bloeddruk?

Studieopzet:
Dit overzichtsartikel bevatte 10 studies.
Er was geen heterogeniteit en publicatie bias.

Resultaten en conclusies:
De onderzoekers vonden dat een dagelijkse inname van druivenpolyfenolen de systolische bloeddruk significant met 1.48 mmHg [95% BI = -2.79 tot -0.16 mmHg, p = 0.03] verlaagde.

De onderzoekers vonden dat een vermindering van de systolische bloeddruk het grootste was bij een dagelijkse inname van druivenpolyfenolen tot 733 mg en bij mensen met een metabool syndroom.

De onderzoekers vonden dat een dagelijkse inname van druivenpolyfenolen de diastolische bloeddruk niet significant verlaagde.

De onderzoekers concludeerden dat het eten van druivenpolyfenolen tot 733 mg per dag de systolische bloeddruk, met name bij mensen met een metabool syndroom verlaagde.

Oorspronkelijke titel:
Effect of Grape Polyphenols on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials by Li SH, Zhao P, […], Cui LQ.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26375022

Extra informatie van El Mondo:
Vind hier meer studies over het eten van fruit en bloeddruk.
100 gram druiven levert 200-300 mg polyfenolen.

Onderzoeksvraag:
Verlaagt het eten van groenten en fruit de kans op het krijgen van hart- en vaatziekten?

Studieopzet:
Dit overzichtsartikel bevatte 47 prospectieve cohort studies met in totaal 1498909 deelnemers, waarvan 44013 deelnemers met hart- en vaatziekten. Het gemiddelde follow-up duur was 10.5 jaar.

Resultaten en conclusies:
De onderzoekers vonden dat het eten van veel groenten en fruit de kans op het krijgen van hart- en vaatziekten significant met 17% [RR = 0.83, 95% BI = 0.79-0.86] verlaagde.

De onderzoekers vonden dat het eten van veel fruit de kans op het krijgen van hart- en vaatziekten significant met 16% [RR = 0.84, 95% BI = 0.79-0.88] verlaagde.

De onderzoekers vonden dat het eten van veel groenten de kans op het krijgen van hart- en vaatziekten significant met 13% [RR = 0.87, 95% BI = 0.83-0.91] verlaagde.

De onderzoekers vonden in een dosisafhankelijke analyse dat het eten van 800 gram groenten en fruit per dag, de kans op het krijgen van hart- en vaatziekten het meest verlaagde.

De onderzoekers concludeerden dat het dagelijks eten van veel groenten en/of fruit (het liefst 800 gram groenten en fruit per dag), de kans op het krijgen van hart- en vaatziekten verlaagde.

Oorspronkelijke titel:
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: a Meta-analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies by Zhan J, Liu YJ, […], He QQ.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26114864

Extra informatie van El Mondo:
Vind hier meer studies over het eten van groenten en fruit en hart- en vaatziekten.

Onderzoeksvraag:
Verlaagt vezelconsumptie de bloeddruk?

Studieopzet:
Dit overzichtsartikel bevatte 18 RCT’s van minstens 6 weken.

Resultaten en conclusies:
De onderzoekers vonden dat een hoge vezelinname de systolische bloeddruk significant met 0.9 mmHg [95% BI = -2.5 tot 0.6  mmHg] verlaagde. Het verschil tussen de hoogste en laagste vezelcatergorie was 6 gram.

De onderzoekers vonden dat een hoge vezelinname de diastolische bloeddruk significant met 0.7 mmHg [95% BI = -1.9 tot 0.5  mmHg] verlaagde. Het verschil tussen de hoogste en laagste vezelcatergorie was 6 gram.  

De onderzoekers vonden dat een dieet met veel beta glucanen de systolische bloeddruk significant met 2.9 mmHg [95% BI = 0.9 tot 4.9 mmHg] verlaagde. Het verschil tussen de hoogste en laagste beta-glucaancatergorie was 4 gram.

De onderzoekers vonden dat een dieet met veel beta-glucanen de diastolische bloeddruk significant met1.5 mmHg [95% BI = 0.2 tot 2.7  mmHg] verlaagde.

De onderzoekers concludeerden dat een hoge vezelinname, met name beta glucanen de bloeddruk verlaagde.

Oorspronkelijke titel:
Effects of dietary fibre type on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of healthy individuals by Evans CE, Greenwood DC, […], Burley VJ.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25668347

Extra informatie van El Mondo:
Vind hier meer studies over het verlagen van de bloeddruk en de vezelconsumptie.
Beta glucanen zitten in haver en gerst. 5 eetlepels haverzemelen leveren 3 gram beta glucanen.

100 g volkoren haver bevat 3.5 g beta glucanen.

De EFSA heeft de volgende gezondheidsclaim van beta glucanen goedgekeurd. Een dagelijkse inname van tenminste 3 gram gerst beta-glucanen verlaagt het cholesterolgehalte. Een goedgekeurde gezondheidsclaim van de EFSA wil zeggen dat de EFSA het wetenschappelijk bewezen acht, dat tenminstens 3 gram beta-glucanen per dag het cholesterolgehale verlaagt.

De fabrikant mag de goedgekeurde gezondheidsclaim van de EFSA op de verpakking van een levensmiddel of voedingssupplement zetten. De goedgekeurde gezondheidsclaim van de EFSA wordt gebruikt om de verkoop van het product te verhogen.

Een vezelrijk dieet is een dieet met minimaal 1.5 gram vezels per 100 kcal. Welke producten uit de supermarkt 1.5 gram vezels per 100 kcal bevatten, kunt u hier opzoeken.

Research Question:
Increases the ingest of vitamin E through feeding the chance of getting age-related cataracts?

Study Design:
This overview article contained studies with participants in all age groups. 

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that eating a lot of vitamin E the chance of getting age-related cataracts significantly with 27% [RR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.58-0.92] reduced.

The researchers found that the combination food and swallowing vitamin E the chance of getting age-related cataracts significantly with 14% [RR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.75-0.99] reduced.

The researchers found that a high vitamin E content in the body the chance of getting age-related cataracts significantly with 23% [RR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.66-0.91] reduced.

The researchers found that taking vitamin E the chance of getting age-related cataracts are not significantly with 8% [RR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.78-1.07] reduced. Not significant is, there is no link to a 95% reliability.

The researchers found a non-linear relationship between eating vitamin E and the chance of getting age-related cataracts.

The researchers found that eating 7 mg of vitamin E per day the chances of getting age-related cataracts significantly with 6% [RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.90-0.97] reduced.

On the basis of the found results the researchers concluded that eating and not swallowing vitamin E reduced the chance of getting age-related cataracts.

Original title:
Vitamin E and risk of age-related cataract: a meta-analysis by Zhang Y, Jiang W, [...], Zhang D.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25591715

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on age-related cataracts and vitamin E.
This meal provides 7 mg vitamin e.

Research Question:
The ingest of iron through feeding increases the chance of getting Parkinson's disease?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 5 studies with 126507 participants.  

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that a moderate iron intake through feeding the chance of getting Parkinson's disease not significant with 8% [RR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.61-1.93, p = 0.787] increased.

The researchers found that a high iron intake through feeding the chance of getting Parkinson's disease not significant with 3% [RR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.83-1.30, p = 0.309] increased.

The researchers found that a high iron intake through feeding the chance of getting Parkinson's disease among Europeans significantly with 47% [RR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.17-1.85, p = 0.001] increased.

The researchers found that a high iron intake through feeding the chance of getting Parkinson's disease among men significantly with 43% [RR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.01-2.01, p = 0.041] increased.

The researchers found that both a moderate as a high zinc-and copper intake through feeding the chance of getting Parkinson's disease not significantly increased.

The researchers found that daily 10 mg of iron through feeding the chance of getting Parkinson's disease among Europeans significantly with 18% [RR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.02-1.37] increased.
Significant because RR of 1 was not in 95% CI from 1.02 to 1.37. RR of 1 is, there is no risk.

On the basis of the found results the researchers concluded that daily 10 mg of iron through feeding the chance of getting Parkinson's disease among Europeans increased.

Original title:
Dietary intake of iron, zinc, copper, and risk of Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis by Cheng P, Yu J, [...], Xie P.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26265293

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on Parkinson's disease and iron.

Research Question:
Improves swallowing DHA the memory of the elderly?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 15 intervention studies (with an average duration of 4-6 months. The age of the participants was above 45 years) and 13 observational studies. 

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that swallowing of DHA with or without EPA increased significantly [p 0.004] the episodic memory of people with mild memory problems.

The researchers found that swallowing or grams of DHA and EPA per day, significantly improved memory.

The researchers found that swallowing of at least 580 mg of DHA per day, the episodic memory of both people with mild memory problems as people without memory problems significantly increased.

The researchers found in observational studies support the broad role of DHA/EPA-intake and the positive effects on memory in people over 45 years.

The researchers concluded that DHA (580 mg or higher) with or without EPA (1 grams of DHA and EPA or higher) the episodic memory of people with mild memory problems improved.

Original title:
Docosahexaenoic Acid and Adult Memory: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Paul-Mauro K, Alexander DD and Van Elswyk ME.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4364972/

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on DHA and EPA and prevent memory problems. What fish more than 580 mg of DHA, you can look up here.

The episodic memory is the memory for events that have taken place in the past. The episodic memory develops from the third year. This is the reason that we have no memory for our third year of life. On the other hand, does the emotional memory have from birth.

Summary:
The researchers found in an overview article of 12 prospective cohort studies with 672389 57641 deaths among participants, that eating a lot of fish the chance of death to all causes significantly with 6% reduced.

Research Question:
Although fish consumption impact on chronic disease-related mortality, the relationship between eating fish and all-cause mortality inconsistent. It was therefore carried out this review article.

Lowers the chance of eating fish death to all causes (all-cause mortalieit)?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 12 prospective cohort studies with 672389 participants, of which 57641 deaths.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found the highest fish consumption group compared to the lowest, a significantly reduced risk of all-cause mortality by 6% [RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.90-0.98, I2 = 39.1%, p = 0.06].  

The researchers found a non-linear relationship between eating fish and all-cause mortality.

The researchers found that eating 60 grams of fish per day significantly the risk of all-cause mortality with 12% [RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.83-0.93] reduced.        

The researchers concluded that eating a lot of fish (at least 60 grams per day) reduced the risk of all-cause mortiliteit.

Original title:
Fish consumption and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies by Zhao LG, JW, Sun [...], Xiang YB.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25969396

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on eating fish.

Research Question:
Swallowing garlic supplements lowers the blood pressure?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 17 Rcts.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that garlic supplements the systolic blood pressure significantly with 3.75 mmHg [95% CI =-5.04 to-2.45, I2 = 30.7%, p 0.001] reduced.

The researchers found that garlic supplements the diastolic blood pressure significantly with 3.39 mmHg [95% CI =-4.14 to-2.65, I2 = 67% p 0.001] reduced.

The researchers found in the subgroup analysis that garlic supplements the systolic blood pressure in patients with high blood pressure with 4.4 mmHg [95% CI =-7.37 to-1.42, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.008] reduced, but not in people with normal blood pressure.

The researchers found in the sensitivity analysis in which the heterogeneity disappeared, that garlic supplements the diastolsiche blood pressure in patients with high blood pressure significantly with 2.68 mmHg [95% CI =-5.99 to-0.42, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.020] reduced.

The researchers concluded that garlic supplements reduced blood pressure, especially in people with high blood pressure.

Original title:
Effect of Garlic on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis by Wang HP, Yang J, [...], Yang XJ.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25557383

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on garlic and prevent high blood pressure.
Read more about overview article, Rcts, 95% CI and subgroup analysis.

Research Question:
Or vitamin C a protective factor for age-related cataract is, remains unclear. It was therefore carried out this review article.

Vitamin C lowers the chances of getting age-related cataract (cataracts)?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 20 studies on vitamin C intake and 10 studies on serum ascorbaatgehalte (= the vitamin C content in the body). 

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found a high vitamin C intake compared to a low, a significantly reduced risk of 18.6% [RR = 0.814, 95% CI = 0.578-0.231] for age-related cataract. This significantly reduced risk was found in both America and Asia.

The researchers found a high serum ascorbaatgehalte compared to a layer, a significantly reduced risk of 29.6% [RR = 0.564-0704, 95% CI = 0.879] for age-related cataract. This significantly reduced risk was both in nuclear cataract Subcapsular cataract as found.

The researchers concluded that both high vitamin C intake as a high serum ascorbaatgehalte, reduced the chance of getting age-related cataract.

Original title:
Association of vitamin C with the risk of age-related cataract: a meta-analysis by Wei L, Liang G, [...], Lv J.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25735187

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies vitamin C.
A vitamin C-rich meal contains at least 100 mg of vitamin c. These meals are rich in vitamin C.

Research Question:
Swallowing of vitamin E reduces the chance of getting a heart attack?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 16 Rcts. The dosage ranged between 33 and 800 IU of vitamin e. the follow-up duration ranged between 0.5 and 9.4 years.
1 IU of vitamin E is approximately:

• 1 mg dl-α tocopherol acetate
• 0.91 mg dl-α tocopherol
• 0.67 mg d-α tocopherol (vitamin E in people's mouth)
• 1.12 mg dl-α tocoferolwaterstofsuccinaat

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that swallowing vitamin E the chance of getting a heart attack significantly with 18% [RR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.70-0.96, p = 0.01] reduced.

The researchers found that swallowing vitamin E the chance of getting a fatal heart attacks significantly with 16% [RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.73-0.96, p = 0.01] reduced.

The researchers concluded that swallowing 33-800 IE (22.11-536 mg) vitamin a day, reduced the risk of getting a heart attack. However, this reduced risk disappeared when vitamin E was combined with other antioxidants. 

Original title:
Supplementation with vitamin e alone is associated with reduced myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis by Loffredo L, Perri L, [...], Violi f.

Link:
http://www.nmcd-journal.com/article/S0939-4753%2815%2900024-1/abstract

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on vitamin E and prevent a heart attack.

Research Question:
There are conflicting results about the association between plasma homocysteine (tHcy) and the vitamin B content and getting the age-related macular degeneration (AMD). It was therefore carried out this review article.

Raise a high homocysteine and low vitamin B content the chance of getting the age-related macular degeneration?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 11 studies on homocysteine levels with a total of 1072 cases with age-related macular degeneration and 1202 cases without age-related macular degeneration and 3 studies on folic acid and vitamin B12 levels with a total of 152 cases with age-related macular degeneration and 98 cases without age-related macular degeneration.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that homocysteine levels of people with age-related macular degeneration signficant 2.67 μmol/L [95% CI = 1.60-3.74, I2 = 92%, p 0.00001] was higher than of people without age-related macular degeneration.

The researchers found that vitamin B12 levels of people with age-related macular degeneration 64.16 pg/mL [95% CI = 19.32-109.00, I2 = 35%, p = 0.19] was lower than of people without age-related macular degeneration.

The researchers found that the folic acid content of people with the wet form of age-related macular degeneration 1.66 ng/mL [95% CI = 0.10-3.99] was lower than of people without age-related macular degeneration.

The researchers concluded that a high homocysteine or low vitamin B12 levels the chance of getting the increased age-related macular degeneration.

Original title:
Homocysteine and the risk of age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Huang P, Wang F, [...], Sun X.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4508850/

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies about lowering homocysteine levels and raising the folic acid and vitamin B12 levels.

Research Question:
Observational studies suggest an association between fruit and vegetable consumption and coronary heart disease (CHD). However, the results are inconsistent. It was therefore carried out this review article.

Eating fruits and vegetables lowers the chances of getting coronary heart disease?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 23 prospective studies with 937665 participants, of which 18047 patients with coronary artery disease.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that eating lots of fruits and vegetables the chance of getting a coronary heart disease significantly with 16% [RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.79-0.90] reduced.

The researchers found that eating lots of fruits the chance of getting a coronary heart disease significantly with 14% [RR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.82-0.91] reduced.

The researchers found that eating lots of vegetables the chance of getting a coronary heart disease significantly with 13% [RR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.81-0.93] reduced.

The researchers found that eating 477 grams of fruit and vegetables per day the chances of getting coronary artery disease significantly with 12% [RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.85-0.91] reduced.

The researchers found that eating 300 grams of fruit per day the chances of getting coronary artery disease significantly with 16% [RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.75-0.93] reduced.

The researchers found that eating 400 g of vegetables per day the chances of getting coronary artery disease significantly with 18% [RR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.73-0.92] reduced.

The researchers found in the subgroup analysis that eating fruits and/or vegetables the chances of getting coronary artery disease among Europeans but not under Asians reduced.

The researchers concluded that eating vegetables and/or fruit the chance of getting a reduced coronary artery disease, especially among Asians.

Original title:
Or fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies by Gan Y, Tong X, [...], Lu Z.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25662075

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on eating fruits and vegetables and heart disease.

Research Question:
A zinc deficiency increases the chance of getting a heart attack?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 41 case-control studies with 2886 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that patients who had a heart attack have low zinc status (less zinc in the body) [SMD =-1,148, 95% CI =-2,365 to-1,331] had than healthy people. 

The researchers found in the subgroup analysis that patients who have had a heart attack a low serum zinc status [SMD =-1,764, 95% CI =-2,417 to-1.112] had than healthy people. 

The researchers found in the subgroup analysis that patients who have had a heart attack her a low zinc status [SMD =-3.326, 95% CI = 4.616-to-2.036] had than healthy people. 

The researchers found that both men in the subgroup analysis [SMD =-3,350, 95% CI =-149 to-1,348] and women [SMD =-1,652, 95% CI =-3,440 to-1922] who have had a heart attack had a low zinc status than healthy people.

The researchers found in the subgroup analysis that the zinc status in Asian patients who have had a heart attack, lower than in European patients.

The researchers concluded that there is a significant relationship existed between zinc deficiency and getting a heart attack.

Original title:
Deficient Zinc Levels and Myocardial Infarction: Association Between Deficient Zinc Levels and Myocardial Infarction: a Meta-analysis by Liu B, Cai ZQ and Zhou YM.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25627421

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on zinc and prevent a heart attack.

Research Question:
Lowers eating fish or long chain omega-3 fatty acids the chances of getting Alzheimer's disease?

Study Design:
This overview article contained prospective cohort studies.
There was a low heterogeneity between the studies and within the subgroups.                                                                                              

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that both eating lots of long chain omega-3 fatty acids as fish the chance of getting dementia not significantly reduced [RR respectively = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.85-1.10 and RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.71-1.01].

The researchers found that eating a lot of long chain omega-3 fatty acids, the chances of getting Alzheimer's disease are not significantly by 11% [RR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.74-1.08] reduced.
Not significant is, there cannot be said with 95% reliability that eating lots of long chain omega-3 fatty acids, the chances of getting Alzheimer's disease reduced.

The researchers found that eating a lot of fish, the chances of getting Alzheimer's disease significantly with 36% [RR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.44-0.92] reduced.

The researchers found that eating 100 grams of fish per week, the chances of getting Alzheimer's disease significantly with 11% [RR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.79-0.99] reduced.

The researchers concluded that eating a lot of fish (at least 100 grams per week) the chances of getting Alzheimer's disease (and not dementia) reduced.

Original title:
Omega-3 fatty acids intake and risks of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis by Wu S, Thing Y, [...], Mao P.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25446949

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies eating fish.