Nutritional Advice El Mondo

Nutritional advice

Chronic diseases

Scientific studies (review articles) on the relationship between diet/nutrients and chronic diseases:
One swallow does not make a summer. A famous Dutch saying that could not be any more obvious. Just because one single scientific study about a certain topic makes certain claims, it does not necessarily mean it is true. On the other hand, a review article (a collection of scientific studies on a certain topic) of randomized, placebo-controlled double blind clinical trials (RCTs) will answer the following question:
"Do taking dietary supplements make sense?" Yes for a positive conclusion and no for a negative conclusion.

One swallow does not make a summer. A famous Dutch saying that could not be any more obvious. Just because one single scientific study about a certain topic makes certain claims, it does not necessarily mean it is true. On the other hand, a review article (a collection of scientific studies on a certain topic) of cohort studies or case-control studies will answer the following question:
"Should I change my diet?".

2023:

  1. High β-carotene dietary intake reduces Parkinson's disease among women
  2. 50g/d legume dietary intake may reduce mortality from all causes

2022:

  1. Selenium supplementation reduces postpartum depression
  2. Tomato intake causally reduces TNF-α levels in adults
  3. 400 mg/day vitamin C supplementation improves lung function of COPD patients
  4. Vitamin E supplements enhance quality of life of rheumatoid arthritis patients
  5. Meat intake may increase kidney stones
  6. High-dose dietary intake of vitamins A and B reduces glaucoma
  7. Higher intake of antioxidant-rich foods reduces Parkinson's disease

2021:

  1. 0.8-10 mg/d folic acid supplements decrease CRP levels
  2. Low vitamin D level increases asthma in children
  3. Low vitamin D level increases acne
  4. Selenium supplementation decreases hs-CRP level among patients with metabolic diseases
  5. NAC supplementation could improve lung function in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  6. Vitamin B1 supplementation reduces ICU delirium in critically ill patients
  7. Soy supplementation improves insulin resistance for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
  8. 540 mg/d green tea catechins supplementation reduces UV-induced damage due to erythema inflammation
  9. Cardiovascular reserve is improved after kidney-transplantation
  10. Vitamin B1 + vitamin C supplementation does not reduce mortality in patients with sepsis or septic shock
  11. Grape products containing polyphenols supplementation improves status of oxidative stress
  12. Vitamin B supplementation is effective in treating mouth ulcers
  13. L-carnitine supplementation should be supported in hemodialysis patients
  14. Carotenoid supplements decrease inflammation
  15. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation reduces oxidative stress
  16. 400 mg/day vitamin B2 supplementation decrease migraine attacks
  17. A higher manganese level increases MS
  18. Peripheral neuropathy is associated with lowered plasma vitamin B12 levels
  19. Resistant starch type 2 improves residual renal function of patients under maintenance hemodialysis
  20. Intravenous NAC administration decreases serum creatinine levels
  21. Probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic supplementation improve oxidative stress in patients with chronic kidney disease
  22. Ginger supplementation improves oxidative stress levels
  23. Serum albumin concentrations are lower in patients with stable COPD
  24. Melatonin supplements have positive effects on sleep quality in adults with metabolic disorders

2020:

  1. 0.5 to 6 g/d taurine supplementation reduces total cholesterol and triglyceride in patients with liver dysregulation
  2. Patients with diabetic kidney disease benefit from <0.8 g protein per kilogram body weight per day
  3. <100 mg/day isoflavones reduce IL-6 and TNF-α levels
  4. 0.5 servings of fish per week reduce multiple sclerosis
  5. A higher dietary intake of fruit, dietary fiber, fish and vitamine C reduce COPD in adults
  6. Higher selenium and lower zinc level increase risk of vitiligo
  7. Higher serum levels of homocysteine increase multiple sclerosis
  8. Physical exercise offers benefits to patients with chronic kidney disease
  9. 300 mg/day dietary anthocyanins reduce inflammation
  10. Pomegranate decreases inflammation in adults
  11. LDL cholesterol-lowering treatment reduce risk of major vascular events
  12. Hepatitis B virus infection increases chronic kidney disease
  13. Lead increases ALS
  14. Meat is not a risk factor for asthma in children

2019:

  1. Vitamin B12, D and E reduce eczema
  2. Higher levels of selenium in cerebrospinal fluid increase Parkinson's disease
  3. Omega-3 supplementation decreases CRP levels in patients on hemodialysis
  4. Low selenium and zinc levels increase rheumatoid arthritis
  5. 60-500 mg/day coenzyme Q10 supplements reduce inflammation
  6. Egg consumption does not increase inflammation
  7. Hypomagnesemia increases all-cause mortality in end-stage renal disease patients
  8. Vitamin D improves fasting glucose among patients with chronic kidney disease
  9. Dietary DHA, DPA and EPA are associated with higher lung function among current smokers
  10. Exercise intervention in kidney transplant recipients improves quality of life
  11. 200g vegetables per day reduce gallstone disease
  12. ≥12 weeks of L-carnitine supplements reduce inflammation
  13. Plasma creatinine seems to be a promising prognostic biomarker for ALS
  14. 10-40 g/day dietary fiber intake reduce diverticular disease risk
  15. Higher hemoglobin levels decrease transfusion risk in predialysis patients with CKD
  16. Magnesium deficiency increases risk of ADHD
  17. High prenatal vitamin D level reduces risk autism-related traits later in life
  18. 3 cups/d coffee consumption reduce risk of all-cause mortality
  19. Dietary n-3 PUFAs reduce ulcerative colitis
  20. 15 minutes/week sunlight exposure decreases risk of Parkinson's disease

2018:

  1. Dairy products, high purine vegetables, soy foods and coffee decrease gout
  2. Postherpetic neuralgia patients benefit from vitamin B12 supplementation
  3. 320 to 1500 mg/day magnesium supplementation decreases CRP levels
  4. 1 g/day salt reduction reduces blood pressure in end-stage renal disease
  5. Coffee consumption is associated with a higher circulating level of adiponectin in women
  6. Higher intakes of fruit and vegetables improve immune function
  7. Oral supplementation with chondroitin sulfate reduces pain in knee osteoarthritis
  8. Coffee consumption is associated with a lower level of serum CRP in humans
  9. Milk increases acne
  10. 1 time/week fish consumption from 6-9 months reduces asthma and wheeze in children up to 4.5 years old
  11. A high uric acid level plays a protective role in ALS
  12. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation reduces serum triglycerides levels of patients with metabolic disorders
  13. Zinc deficiency increases risk of autoimmune disorders

2017:

  1. Cranberry may be effective in preventing urinary tract infection recurrence in women
  2. High consumption of soft drinks increases ulcerative colitis
  3. Children and adolescents with ADHD have a deficiency in n-3 PUFAs levels
  4. Subjects with end-stage renal disease benefit from a diet with <5.5 En% protein
  5. Resveratrol supplementation ≥3 months has favorable effects on several risk factors of non-communicable diseases
  6. 500 mg/day quercetin reduce circulating C-reactive protein levels
  7. Asthma increases risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in women
  8. Improving iron status decreases fatigue in patients with iron deficiency without anaemia
  9. High sucrose intake might increase the risk of Crohn’s disease
  10. Daily 1-2g L-carnitine supplementation reduce inflammation
  11. Decreased vitamin D levels and increased BMI increase pediatric-onset MS
  12. Lower serum zinc levels increase Parkinson's disease
  13. Decreased folate level is a risk factor for schizophrenia
  14. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation may decrease inflammation
  15. Marine oil supplements alleviate pain in rheumatoid arthritis patients
  16. Serum vitamin D ≥75 nmol/L reduces risk of allergic rhinitis in men

2016:

  1. Daily 3 cups of tea decrease risk of depression

2015:

  1. 500-1000 mg/day oral ginger intake reduce pain in osteoarthritis patients
  2. Ultrasound can detect active Crohn’s disease in adults

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Chronic diseases, also known as noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are diseases caused by inflammation in the human body. Inflammation is caused by the actions of free radicals or eicosanoids, which are produced from the fatty acid arachidonic acid. While the eicosanoids produced from arachidonic acid are pro-inflammatory, are the eicosanoids produced from EPA anti-inflammatory.
Arachidonic acid is found in meat, eggs, dairy products, and fish. The WHO and the EFSA have not set nutritional recommendation for dietary arachidonic acid yet.

Chronic diseases generally cannot be prevented by vaccines or cured by medication nor do they just disappear. Chronic diseases tend to become more common with age.

Free radicals are caused by the inhalation of cigarette smoke, diseases, physical exercises, smog, fine particles, high-fat products and exhaust gases. Free radicals can be neutralized by antioxidants. But scientific studies showed that taking antioxidant supplements will cause more harm than good. Therefore, nutritionists recommend to get antioxidants from diet rather than from dietary supplements. Antioxidants are found in vegetables, fruits and nuts.

Scientific studies showed that an n3:n6 ratio of 1 to 5 or less possible prevents chronic diseases. However, the WHO and the EFSA have not set specific values for the n3:n6 ratio yet.

Chronic diseases are:

  • Autoimmune diseases (AID)
  • Diabetes
  • Brain disorders (epilepsy, Parkinson's disease)
  • Cancer
  • Joint disorders (rheumatism, gout and arthritis)
  • Heart diseases
  • Kidney diseases
  • Lung diseases (asthma and COPD)
  • Mental disorders

Dietary guidelines for chronic disease prevention:

  • Choose products with maximum 30-35 En% fat, products with maximum 7-10 En% saturated fat, products with maximum 0.3 gram of salt per 100 kcal, products with minimum 1.5 grams of fiber per 100 kcal, products with a GI-number of 55 or lower and fishes providing at least 2000 mg EPA and DHA per day or in other words, your daily diet (=all meals/products that you eat on a daily basis) should on average contain maximum 30-35 En% fat, maximum 7-10 En% saturated fat, maximum 0.3 gram of salt per 100 kcal and minimum 1.5 grams of fiber per 100 kcal.
  • Stop smoking because cigarette smoke contains/causes free radicals.
  • Aim for a healthy weight. A healthy weight has a BMI of 18.5-25. BMI is weight divided by height squared (weight (kg)/height2 (m)).
    Overweight is a risk factor for certain chronic diseases.
  • Spend at least 60-90 minutes of physical activities per day or at least 10000 steps per day.
  • Eat at least 3 times (100-150 g fish per time) a week oily fish. Oily fishes are sardines, herring, salmon, anchovies, eel and mackerel.
  • Eat 300 grams of vegetables and five servings of fruit a day or 30-40 grams of fiber per day.
    40 grams of fiber per dag corresponds to a daily diet of minimum 2 grams of fiber per 100 kcal.
  • Take when needed glucosamine supplements. Take supplements always after consultation with an expert!
  • Do not take antioxidant supplements because they do more harm than good!

High β-carotene dietary intake reduces Parkinson's disease among women

Objectives:
Does high-dose dietary intake of vitamin E, β-carotene or vitamin C reduce risk of Parkinson's disease?

Study design:
This review article included 13 observational studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found no significant association between high-dose vitamin C dietary intake and the risk of Parkinson's disease compared with low-dose vitamin C dietary intake [RR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.89 to 1.08].

The investigators found compared with low-dose dietary intake, high-dose dietary intake of vitamin E significantly reduced risk of Parkinson's disease with 13% [RR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.77 to 0.99].

The investigators found compared with low-dose dietary intake, high-dose dietary intake of β-carotene significantly reduced risk of Parkinson's disease among women with 22% [RR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.64 to 0.96].

The investigators concluded both high-dose dietary intake of vitamin E and β-carotene (beta-carotene) reduce risk of Parkinson's disease.

Original title:
Vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene and risk of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies by Niu F, Xie W, […], Yu X.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36961747/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about RCTs/significant, vitamin C, E, beta-carotene and Parkinson’s disease.
 

50g/d legume dietary intake may reduce mortality from all causes

Objectives:
There is an equivocal and inconsistent association between legume consumption and health outcomes and longevity. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does a higher legume dietary intake reduce mortality and stroke risk?

Study design:
This review article included 32 cohort studies (31 publications) involving 1,141,793 participants and 93,373 deaths from all causes (all-cause mortality).

The certainty of evidence was judged from low to moderate.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found higher dietary intakes of legumes, compared with lower dietary intakes, were significantly associated with a reduced risk of 6% for mortality from all causes [HR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.91 to 0.98, n = 27].

The investigators found higher dietary intakes of legumes, compared with lower dietary intakes, were significantly associated with a reduced risk of 9% for stroke [HR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.99, n = 5].

The investigators found no significant association for cardiovascular diseases mortality [HR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.91 to 1.09, n =11], coronary heart disease mortality [HR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.78 to 1.09, n = 5] or cancer mortality [HR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.72 to 1.01, n = 5].

The investigators found in the linear dose-response analysis, a 50 g/d increase in legume dietary intake was significantly associated with a 6% reduction in the risk of all-cause mortality [HR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.89 to 0.99, n = 19], but no significant association was observed for the remaining outcomes.

The investigators concluded a higher legume dietary intake may reduce mortality from all causes and stroke risk. May reduce because the certainty of evidence is low to moderate.

Original title:
Legume Consumption and Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies by Zargarzadeh N, Mousavi SM, […], Esmaillzadeh A.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36811595/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about RCTs/significant, vegetable intake and stroke prevention.
 

Fish consumption reduces Alzheimer's disease

Objectives:
Current findings about the differential effects of various sources of dietary animal protein on the risk of neurodegenerative diseases are contradictory. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Is there an association between various sources of dietary animal protein and the risk of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, dementia and cognitive impairment?

Study design:
This review article included 33 prospective cohort studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found dietary fish consumption was significantly associated with a reduced risk of 25% for Alzheimer's disease [RR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.57 to 0.97].

The investigators found dietary fish consumption was significantly associated with a reduced risk of 16% for dementia [RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.75 to 0.93].

The investigators found dietary fish consumption was significantly associated with a reduced risk of 15% for cognitive impairment [RR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.81 to 0.95].

The investigators found compared to the lowest consumption, the highest total dairy products consumption was significantly associated with an increased risk of 49% for Parkinson's disease [RR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.06 to 2.10].

The investigators found compared to the lowest consumption, the highest milk consumption was significantly associated with an increased risk of 40% for Parkinson's disease [RR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.13 to 1.73].

The investigators found total dairy products consumption was significantly associated with a reduced risk of 11% for cognitive impairment [RR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.80 to 0.99].

The investigators found total meat consumption was significantly associated with a reduced risk of 28% for cognitive impairment [RR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.57 to 0.90].

The investigators found poultry consumption was significantly associated with a reduced risk of 18% for cognitive impairment [RR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.68 to 0.99].

The investigators found linear dose-response meta-analysis revealed that each 200g/d increase in total dairy dietary intake was significantly associated with an 11% higher risk of Parkinson's disease and a 12% lower risk of cognitive impairment.

The investigators found a strong linear association between fish consumption and reduced risk of dementia.

The investigators concluded dairy consumption, particularly milk is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease, while a higher intake of fish reduces Alzheimer's disease, dementia and cognitive impairment. Future well-controlled, randomized clinical trials are essential to validate the present findings.

Original title:
Association between animal protein sources and risk of neurodegenerative diseases: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis by Talebi S, Asoudeh F, […], Mohammadi H.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36647769/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about RCTs/significant, dairy product, Parkinson's disease and proteins.
 

Selenium supplementation reduces postpartum depression

Objectives:
The results of human studies are inconsistent regarding selenium and depressive disorders. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does high selenium intake (through diet or supplements) reduce risk of depression?

Study design:
This review article included 20 studies (4 RCTs, 9 cross-sectional studies, 4 case-control studies and 3 prospective cohort studies) with a total of 47,164 participants.
The age of participants ranged from 18.0 ± 1.2 to 82 years old.
12 studies included both men and women.
Confounding variables were adjusted in half of included studies.
All included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) had high quality.
There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found no significant differences in serum selenium levels between patients with depression and healthy subjects [WMD = 2.12 mg/L, 95% CI = -0.11 to 4.36, I2 = 98.0%, p 0.001].

The investigators found no significant differences between serum levels of selenium and depression scores [r = -0.12, 95% CI = -0.33 to 0.08, I2 = 73.5%, p = 0.010].

The investigators found high selenium supplementation significantly reduced the risk of postpartum depression with 3% [OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.95 to 0.99, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.507].

The investigators found selenium supplementation significantly reduced depressive symptoms [WMD = -0.37, 95% CI = -0.56 to -0.18, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.959].

The investigators concluded that high selenium supplementation has a protective role against postpartum depression. In addition, supplementation with selenium reduces depressive symptoms. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to draw definitive conclusions.

Original title:
The role of selenium in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human observational and interventional studies by Sajjadi SS, Foshati S, […], Rouhani H.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8776795/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about RCTs/significant and selenum intake.

 

Tomato intake causally reduces TNF-α levels in adults

Objectives:
Inflammation is a major cause of chronic diseases. Several studies have investigated the effects of tomato intake on inflammatory biomarkers; however, the results are equivocal. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does tomato intake have positive impact on inflammatory biomarkers in adults?

Study design:
This review article included 7 RCTs (8 treatment arms) with a total of 465 subjects.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that pooled effect size of articles indicated that tomato intake was not significantly effective on CRP [WMD = 0.13 mg/dL, 95% CI = -0.09 to 0.36, p = 0.23, I2 = 83.9%] and IL-6 [Hedges' g = -0.12, 95% CI = -0.36 to 0.13, p = 0.34, I2 = 0.0%] levels compared to the control group.

The investigators found that pooled effect size of articles indicated that tomato intake significantly reduced TNF-α [Hedges' g = -0.45, 95% CI = -0.76 to -0.13, p = 0.005, I2 = 0.0%] levels in adults.

The investigators concluded that tomato intake causally reduces TNF-α levels in adults. However, additional well-designed studies that include more diverse populations and longer duration are warranted.

Original title:
Effect of tomato consumption on inflammatory markers in health and disease status: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials by Widjaja G, Doewes RI, […], Aravindhan S.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35871957/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about RCTs/significant, and tomato intake.

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is an inflammatory cytokine that is elevated in heart failure.

400 mg/day vitamin C supplementation improves lung function of COPD patients

Objectives:
Do COPD patients benefit from vitamin C supplementation?

Study design:
This review article included 10 RCTs with a total of 487 patients.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that vitamin C supplementation (≥400 mg/day) significantly improved the forced expiratory volume in one second as a percentage (FEV1%) of COPD patients [SMD = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.03 to 2.12, p = 0.04].

The investigators found, moreover, vitamin C supplementation (≥400 mg/day) significantly improved the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second and forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) [WMD = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.26 to 1.06, p = 0.001], vitamin C level in serum [SMD = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.02 to 1.24, p = 0.04] and glutathione (GSH) level in serum [SMD = 2.47, 95% CI = 1.06 to 3.89, p = 0.0006] of COPD patients.

The investigators found no statistically significant difference was observed in body mass index (BMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI), vitamin E level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) level in serum.

The investigators concluded vitamin C supplementation increases the levels of antioxidation in serum (vitamin C and GSH) and improves lung function (FEV1% and FEV1/FVC) of COPD patients, especially when treated with vitamin C supplementation greater than 400 mg/day. However, further prospective studies are needed to explore the role of vitamin C in improving nutritional status.

Original title:
Efficacy of Vitamin C Supplementation on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Lei T, Lu T, […], Liu J.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9473551/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about RCTs/significant and vitamin C.

Vitamin E supplements enhance quality of life of rheumatoid arthritis patients

Objectives:
Do rheumatoid arthritis patients benefit from vitamin E supplements?

Study design:
This review article included 9 RCTs with a total of 39,845 patients.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that vitamin E supplements were shown to be more effective in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis for sensitive joints [MD = -1.66, 95% CI = -6.32 to -2.99, I2 = 93%, p 0.00001] and swollen joints [MD = -0.46, 95% CI = -1.98 to 1.07, I2 = 56%, p = 0.08].

The investigators concluded vitamin E's ability to restore the intestinal barrier and improve the gastrointestinal tract may be linked to the prevention and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Vitamin E supplements used on a regular basis can help individuals with rheumatoid arthritis reduce joint discomfort, edema and stiffness, as well as enhance their overall quality of life.

Original title:
Effect of vitamin E supplementation in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Kou H, Qing Z, […], Ma J.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35468933/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about RCTs/significant and vitamin E.

 

Meat intake may increase kidney stones

Objectives:
What is the association of total protein, animal protein and animal protein sources with risk of kidney stones in the general population?

Study design:
This review article included 14 prospective cohort studies.
According to NutriGrade scoring system, the credibility of evidence for most of the exposures was rated as low.
Some kind of publication bias was found in the association of animal protein intake and risk of kidney stones, according to Egger's and Begg's tests.
Sensitivity analysis of processed meat as well as dairy consumption with risk of kidney stones showed one study changed the overall estimate.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that higher dietary intake of non-dairy animal protein significantly increased risk of kidney stones with 11% [RR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.20, I2 = 0%, n = 4].
Significant means that there is an association with a 95% confidence.

The investigators found that higher dietary intake of total meat and meat products significantly increased risk of kidney stones with 22% [RR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.09 to 1.38, I2 = 13%, n = 3].
Significant because RR of 1 was not found in the 95% CI of 1.09 to 1.38. RR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators found that higher dietary intake of processed meat significantly increased risk of kidney stones with 22% [RR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.10 to 1.51, I2 = 0%, n = 2]. 

The investigators found that higher intake of dairy protein significantly decreased risk of kidney stones with 9% [RR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.99, I2 = 0%, n = 4].

The investigators found, moreover, each 100 gram increment of red meat dietary intake was significantly associated with an increased risk of 39% for kidney stones [RR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.13 to 1.71].

The investigators concluded that higher dietary intake of meat and meat products may increase the risk of kidney stones in the general population, while higher dietary intake of dairy proteins may decrease the risk of kidney stones in the general population. May because the credibility of evidence for most of the exposures was rated as low and there was publication bias. Therefore, further observational studies are needed to confirm present results.

Original title:
Associations of Total Protein or Animal Protein Intake and Animal Protein Sources with Risk of Kidney Stones: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis by Asoudeh F, Talebi S, […], Mohammadi H.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35179185/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about RCTs/significant, meat and dairy consumption.

When the credibility of evidence of the studies in the review article is low and there is publication bias, the results will not be very reliable.
 

High-dose dietary intake of vitamins A and B reduces glaucoma

Objectives:
There is currently a lack of high-quality research on the best dietary recommendations for patients with early glaucoma or at high risk for glaucoma. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does a high dietary vitamin intake reduce risk of glaucoma?

Study design:
This review article included 8 cohort studies, with a total of 262,189 patients.

There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that high-dose dietary intake of vitamins A was significantly associated with a 27% low risk of glaucoma [OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.53 to 0.76 , p 001, I2 = 49%].

The investigators found that high-dose dietary intake of vitamins B (a combination of B1, B2, B3, B6 and B12) was significantly associated with a 29% low risk of glaucoma [OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.64 to 0.80, p 0.001, I2 = 29%].

The investigators found no association between high-dose dietary intake of vitamins C, D or E and lower risk of glaucoma.

The investigators concluded that high-dose dietary intake of vitamins A and B, but not vitamins C, D or E, is associated with a low prevalence of glaucoma. Overall, middle-aged and elderly people or patients with early glaucoma should consume vitamin-rich foods rich or take additional vitamin supplements.

Original title:
Vitamin intake and glaucoma risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Han FF and Fu XX.             

Link:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0181551222000419?via%3Dihub

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about chronic diseases, vitamin A and B.
 

Higher intake of antioxidant-rich foods reduces Parkinson's disease

Objectives:
Does a higher intake of dietary antioxidants (like vitamin C and E, β-carotene, zinc, anthocyanins, lutein) reduce risk of Parkinson's disease (PD)?

Study design:
This review article included 6 prospective cohort studies and 2 nested case-control studies (448,737 participants with 4,654 persons with Parkinson's disease) and 6 case-control studies (1,948 persons without Parkinson's disease and 1, 273 persons with Parkinson's disease).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found comparded to the lowest dietary vitamine E intake, that the highest dietary vitamine E intake significantly reduced risk of Parkinson's disease with 16% [pooled RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.71 to 0.99, n = 7 cohort studies].
Significantly means that there is an association with a 95% confidence.

The investigators found compared to the lowest dietary anthocyanins intake, that the highest dietary anthocyanins intake significantly reduced risk of Parkinson's disease with 24% [pooled RR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.61 to 0.96, n = 2 cohort studies].
Significantly because pooled RR of 1 was not found in the 95% CI of 0.61 to 0.96. RR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators found compared to the lowest dietary lutein intake, that the highest dietary lutein intake significantly increased risk of Parkinson's disease with 86% [pooled RR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.20 to 2.88, n = 3 case-control studies].

The investigators found in dose-response meta-analyses that every increment of dietary vitamin C intake with 50 mg/d significantly reduced risk of Parkinson's disease with 6% [RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.88 to 0.99, n = 6].

The investigators found in dose-response meta-analyses that every increment of dietary vitamin E intake with 5 mg/d significantly reduced risk of Parkinson's disease with 16% [RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.70 to 0.99, n = 7].

The investigators found in dose-response meta-analyses that every increment of dietary β-carotene intake with 2 mg/d significantly reduced risk of Parkinson's disease with 6% [RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.89 to 0.99, n = 6].

The investigators found in dose-response meta-analyses that every increment of dietary zinc intake with 1 mg/d significantly reduced risk of Parkinson's disease with 35% [RR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.49 to 0.86, n = 1].

The investigators concluded that higher intake of antioxidant-rich foods reduces risk of Parkinson's disease. Future, well-designed prospective studies are needed to validate the present findings.

Original title:
Dietary Antioxidants and Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Dose-response Meta-analysis of Observational Studies by Talebi S, Ghoreishy SM, […], Mohammadi H.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35030236/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about RCTs/significant and antioxidants.
 

No difference in seroconversion between 3 doses of fIPV and 3 doses of full-dose poliovirus vaccine

Objectives:
Since WHO recommended introduction of at least a single dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) in routine immunisation schedules, there have been global IPV shortages. Fractional-dose IPV (fIPV) administration is one of the strategies to ensure IPV availability. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Is there a difference in seroconversion and antibodies response between fractional-dose IPV (fIPV) and full-dose IPV?

Study design:
This review article included 14 articles: 2 ongoing trials and 12 articles reporting on 10 completed studies.

The seroconversion meta-analysis for the three-dose comparison was homogeneous [p = 0.45, I2 = 0%], whereas heterogeneity was observed in the two-dose [p 0.00001, I2 = 88%] and one-dose [p = 0.0004, I2 = 74%] comparisons.
Heterogeneity was observed in meta-analyses of GMTs for one-dose [p 0.00001, I2 = 92%, two-dose [p = 0.002, I2 = 80%] and three-dose [p 0.00001, I2 = 93%] comparisons. Findings for types 1 and 3 were similar to those for type 2.
The certainty of the evidence was high for the three-dose comparisons and moderate for the rest of the comparisons.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found for poliovirus type 2, there were no significant differences in the proportions of seroconversions between fractional and full doses of IPV for 2 or 3 doses: the risk ratio for serconversion at 1 dose was 0.61 [95% CI = 0.51 to 0.72], at 2 doses was 0.90 [95% CI = 0.82 to 1.00] and at 3 doses was 0.95 [95% CI = 0.91 to 1.00].

The investigators found geometric mean titres (GMTs) for poliovirus type 2 were lower for fIPV than for full-dose IPV [-0.51, 95% CI = -0.87 to -0.14] at 1 dose [-0.49, 95% CI = -0.70 to -0.28] at 2 doses and [-0.98, 95% CI = -1.46 to -0.51] at 3 doses.

The investigators concluded that there is no substantial difference in seroconversion between 3 doses of fractional-dose IPV (fIPV) and 3 doses of full-dose poliovirus vaccine (IPV), although the full dose gives higher titres of antibodies for poliovirus type 1, 2 and 3. Use of fractional IPV instead of the full dose can stretch supplies and possibly lower the cost of vaccination.

Original title:
Fractional dose compared with standard dose inactivated poliovirus vaccine in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Mashunye TR, Ndwandwe DE, [...], Wiysonge CS.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33939958/

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0.8-10 mg/d folic acid supplements decrease CRP levels

Objectives:
It has been theorized that folic acid supplementation improves inflammation. However, its proven effects on inflammatory markers are unclear as clinical studies on this topic have produced inconsistent results. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Have folic acid supplements positive effects on inflammatory markers, like CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α?

Study design:
This review article included 12 RCTs with a total of 1,392 participants.
The studies were conducted between 2003 and 2018 and their sample size varied from 19 to 530 participants.
The mean age of the participants ranged from 24.1 to 68.1 years old.
The supplementation period ranged from 2 to 52 weeks.
The daily mentioned dosage of folic acid varied between 0.8 mg and 10 mg/d.

There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found a significant effect of folic acid supplementation on serum concentrations of CRP [WMD = -0.59 mg/L, 95% CI = -0.85 to -0.32, p 0.001, I2 = 91.3%, p 0.001].
This significantly reduced effect was also found in the subgroup and sensitivity analysis.
Subgroup analysis showed that baseline serum concentrations of CRP, duration of intervention, dosage and the participants’ age and gender explained this heterogeneity.

The investigators concluded that 0.8-10 mg/d folic acid supplements decrease serum concentrations of CRP.

Original title:
Effects of Folic Acid Supplementation on Inflammatory Markers: A Grade-Assessed Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials by Asbaghi O, Ashtary-Larky D, […], Naeini AA.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8308638/

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Low vitamin D level increases asthma in children

Objectives:
The association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D 25(OH)D level (vitamin D level in blood) and asthma occurrence in children was controversial. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does a low vitamin D level increase risk of asthma occurrence in children?

Study design:
This review article included 35 studies with 5,711 children with asthma and 21,561 children without asthma. Among them, 24 studies were included for analyzing the association between 25(OH)D level and asthma and 12 studies evaluated the treatment effect of vitamin D.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that the children with asthma had significant lower 25(OH)D level than children without asthma [21.7 ng/mL versus 26.5 ng/mL, SMD = -1.36, 95% CI = -2.40 to -0.32, p = 0.010].

The investigators found, besides, children with asthma treated with vitamin D supplement had a significantly lower recurrence rate of 65% than the placebo group [18.4% versus 35.9%, RR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.35 to 0.79, p = 0.002].

The investigators concluded that children with asthma have a lower 25(OH)D level than healthy children. Vitamin D supplement could decrease the asthma recurrence rate in the follow-up years.

Original title:
Vitamin D and asthma occurrence in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Wang Q, Ying Q, [...], Chen J.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34366195/

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Low vitamin D level increases acne

Objectives:
Vitamin D deficiency is frequently associated with several medical conditions. However, a comprehensive meta-analysis assessing the association between vitamin D level and acne is lacking. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does a low vitamin D level (expressed as circulating 25(OH)D levels) increase risk of both acne and acne severity?

Study design:
This review article included 13 articles with a total of 1,362 acne patients and 1,081 healthy controls (persons without acne).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that the circulating 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in patients with acne than in healthy controls [pooled MD = -9.02 ng/mL, 95% CI = -13.22 to -4.81, p 0.0001].

The investigators found that vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent in acne patients than in healthy controls [pooled OR = 2.97, 95% CI = 1.68 to 5.23, I2 = 72%].

The investigators found that vitamin D levels were negatively correlated with acne severity.

The investigators concluded that the vitamin D levels are low in acne patients. Also, there is evidence of an inverse association between vitamin D levels and acne severity. Therefore, vitamin D might be involved in the pathogenesis (the manner of development of a disease) of acne.

Original title:
Association between Vitamin D Level and Acne, and Correlation with Disease Severity: A Meta-Analysis by Hasamoh Y, Thadanipon K, […], Juntongjin P.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34348293/

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Selenium supplementation decreases hs-CRP level among patients with metabolic diseases

Objectives:
Selenium (Se) is a trace element having significant effects on human metabolism. Recent studies suggest that selenium supplementation have a pivotal effect on the inflammatory markers. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does selenium supplementation reduce plasma inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein (CRP) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and nitric oxide (NO) as a stress oxidative index, among patients with metabolic diseases?

Study design:
This review article included 7 RCTs.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found subgroup analysis of CRP type showed that selenium supplementation significantly decreased hs-CRP level [pooled SMD = -0.44, 95% CI = -0.67 to -0.21] among patients with metabolic diseases.

The investigators concluded that selenium supplementation decreases hs-CRP level among patients with metabolic diseases.

Original title:
The effects of dietary selenium supplementation on inflammatory markers among patients with metabolic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Djalalinia S, Hasani M, […], Qorbani M.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34222098/

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NAC supplementation could improve lung function in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objectives:
Whether N-acetylcysteine (NAC) therapy can promote the improvement of clinical symptoms and lung function in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) has not been verified by large-scale randomized controlled trials, only a few small sample studies. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does n-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation improve clinical symptoms and lung function in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD)?

Study design:
This review article included 12 retrospective analyses and 3 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 1,605 patients.
The 15 included studies were small sample studies, with sample sizes ranging from 72 to 146.

9 studies had a Jadad score of 3-5 points and 6 studies had a Jadad score of 1-2 points.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found the meta-analysis results of 10 studies (525 cases in the n-acetylcysteine group and 524 cases in the control group) showed that the forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) of the n-acetylcysteine group was markedly higher than that of the control group; the mean difference was 30.63 [95% CI = 25.48 to 35.78, I2 = 92%] and the difference was statistically significant [z = 11.65 and p 0.0001].

The investigators found the meta-analysis results of 6 studies (347 cases in the n-acetylcysteine group and 350 cases in the control group) showed that forced expiratory volume in the first second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) of the n-acetylcysteine group was markedly higher than that of the control group; the mean difference was 30.42 [95% CI = 24.00 to 36.85, I2 = 93%] and the difference was statistically significant [z = 9.28 and p 0.0001].

The investigators found the meta-analysis results of 6 studies (323 cases in the n-acetylcysteine group and 322 cases in the control group) showed that the glutathione sulfur transferase (GSH-ST) activity of the n-acetylcysteine group was notably greater than that of the control group; the mean difference was 3.10 [95% CI = 1.38 to 4.82, I2 = 91%] and the difference was statistically significant [z = 3.63, p = 0.0004].

The investigators found the meta-analysis results of 4 studies (224 cases in the n-acetylcysteine group and 227 cases in the control group) showed that the ability of the n-acetylcysteine group to inhibit hydroxyl free radicals was higher than that of the control group; the mean difference was 77.52 [95% CI = 61.01 to 94.03, I2 = 44%] and the difference was statistically significant [z = 9.20 and p 0.0001]. 

The investigators found the meta-analysis results of 4 studies (224 cases in the n-acetylcysteine group and 227 cases in the control group) showed that the superoxide anion radical resistance ability of the n-acetylcysteine group was greater than the ability of the control group; the mean difference was 47.75 [95% CI = 36.26 to 59.25, I2 = 35%] and the difference was statistically significant [z = 8.14 and p 0.0001]. 

The investigators concluded n-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation could promote the symptom improvement rate of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD), improve lung function in FEV1 and FEV1/FVC and enhance the body’s antioxidant capacity. Could because the sample size of the literature included in this review article was small. The sample size should be expanded in future randomized controlled trials to verify these findings. All in all, the results of this review article can provide a reliable theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of AECOPD, so that patients can benefit from NAC treatment.

Original title:
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by Jiang C, Zou J, [...], Yang Y.

Link:
https://apm.amegroups.com/article/view/72787/html

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An acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a sudden worsening of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) symptoms including shortness of breath, quantity and color of phlegm that typically lasts for several days.
 

Zinc supplementation does not increase brain derived neurotrophic factor levels

Objectives:
Zinc in one of the most abundant trace minerals in human body which is involved in numerous biological pathways and has variety of roles in the nervous system. It has been assumed that zinc exerts its role in nervous system through increasing brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does zinc supplementation increase brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels?

Study design:
This review article included 5 studies with 238 participants. These studies enrolled subjects with premenstrual syndrome, diabetic retinopathy, major depression disorder, overweight/obese and obese with mild to moderate depressive disorders.

Funnel plot did not suggest publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found zinc supplementation failed to increase blood brain derived neurotrophic factor concentrations with effect size of 0.30 [95% CI = -0.08 to 0.67, p = 0.119].

The investigators concluded zinc supplementation does not increase brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. However, the small number of included articles and significant heterogeneity between them can increase the risk of a false negative result; therefore, the results should be interpreted with caution.

Original title:
The effect of zinc supplementation on brain derived neurotrophic factor: A meta-analysis by Jafari F, Mohammadi H and Amani R.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33831797/

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Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) plays an important role in neuronal survival and growth, serves as a neurotransmitter modulator and participates in neuronal plasticity, which is essential for learning and memory.
Decreased levels of BDNF are associated with neurodegenerative diseases with neuronal loss, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and Huntington's disease.
 

Vitamin D supplements improve WOMAC pain and function in patients with knee osteoarthritis

Objectives:
Do patients with knee osteoarthritis benefit from vitamin D supplementation?

Study design:
This review article included 6 articles with a total of 1,599 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found, the results of the meta-analysis showed that vitamin D supplementation statistically significantly improved WOMAC score [SMD = -0.67, 95% CI = -1.23 to -0.12) in patients with knee osteoarthritis, including WOMAC pain score [SMD = -0.32, 95% CI = -0.63 to -0.02], function score [SMD = -0.34, 95% CI = -0.60 to -0.08] and stiffness score [SMD = -0.13, 95% CI = -0.26 to -0.01].

The investigators found, in subgroup analysis, vitamin D supplementation less than 2000 IU (50 mcg) was statistically significant for the reduction of stiffness score [SMD = -0.22, 95% CI = -0.40 to -0.04].

The investigators found vitamin D supplements significantly reduced synovial fluid volume progression in patients with knee osteoarthritis [SMD = -0.20, 95% CI -0.39 to -0.02].

The investigators concluded vitamin D supplements improve WOMAC pain and function in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

Original title:
Does vitamin D improve symptomatic and structural outcomes in knee osteoarthritis? A systematic review and meta-analysis by Zhao ZX, He Y, […], Chen J.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33783714/

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The WOMAC is a validated patient-administered questionnaire that assesses 3 components: pain, stiffness and function, with the score range of 0-20 for pain, 0-8 for stiffness and 0-68 for physical function.
 

Vitamin B1 supplementation reduces ICU delirium in critically ill patients

Objectives:
Do critically ill patients benefit of thiamine (vitamin B1) supplementation?

Study design:
This review article included 8 RCTs and 10 cohort studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in the analysis of RCTs, that thiamine supplementation showed a significantly 42% lower odds of developing ICU delirium [OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.34 to 0.98].

The investigators found a reduction in mortaliy was observed on performing fixed effect model analysis. However, a level of statistical significance could not be reached on performing randon effect model analysis [OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.59 to 1.04].

The investigators found in subgroup analysis of 13 studies in patients with sepsis, there was no difference in mortality between the 2 groups [OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.63 to 1.09].

The investigators concluded thiamine (vitamin B1) supplementation in critically ill patients shows a reduction in the incidence of ICU delirium among RCTs. However, there is no significant benefit in terms of overall mortality and mortality in patients with sepsis. Further, large scale randomized prospective studies are warranted to investigate the role of thiamine supplementation in critically ill patients.

Original title:
Effect of thiamine supplementation in critically ill patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Sedhai YR, Shrestha DB, […], Kashiouris MG.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34118501/

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Intensive Care Unit (ICU) delirium is a nonspecific, potentially preventable and often reversible disorder of impaired cognition, which results from various causes in ICU patients. The term “delirium”is derived from the Latin word “delirare” which literally means “to go out of the furrow” or figuratively “crazy or deranged”.
 

Soy supplementation improves insulin resistance for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Objectives:
The efficacy of soy diet for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease remains controversial. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does soy supplementation have positive effects on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?

Study design:
This review article included 5 RCTs.
All of 5 RCTs have a relatively small sample size (n 100).

Jadad scores of the 5 included studies vary from 3 to 5 and all 5 studies were considered to be high-quality ones according to quality assessment.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found, overall, compared with control group for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, soy supplementation is associated with significantly reduced HOMA-IR [SMD = -0.42, 95% CI = -0.76 to -0.08, p = 0.01], increased insulin [SMD = -0.64, 95% CI = -0.98 to -0.30, p = 0.0002] and decreased malondialdehyde [SMD = -0.43, 95% CI = -0.74 to -0.13, p = 0.005].

The investigators found, however, compared with control group for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, soy supplementation demonstrated no substantial impact on body mass index [SMD = 0.17, 95% CI = -0.20 to 0.53, p = 0.37), alanine aminotransferase [SMD = -0.01, 95% CI = -0.61 to 0.60, p = 0.98), aspartate-aminotransferase [SMD = 0.01, 95% CI = -0.47 to 0.49, p = 0.97], total cholesterol [SMD = 0.05, 95% CI = -0.25 to 0.35, p = 0.73] or low density lipoprotein cholesterol (bad cholesterol) [SMD = 0, 95% CI = -0.30 to 0.30, p = 0.99].

The investigators concluded that soy supplementation improves insulin resistance for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Original title:
Soy diet for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Xiong P and Zhu YF.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8183754/

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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an umbrella term for a range of liver conditions affecting people who drink little to no alcohol. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a disorder, caused by a build-up of fat in the liver.
 

Clinical screening for blood pressure in cerebral palsy is needed

Objectives:
Is hypertension a risk factor in adults with cerebral palsy?

Study design:
This review article included data from 11 international cohort studies representing 444 adults with cerebral palsy [median (IQR) age of the sample was 29.0 (23.0-38.0), 51% men, 89% spastic type, Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I-V].

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found overall mean systolic blood pressure was 124.9 mmHg [95% CI = 121.7 to 128.1] and overall mean diastolic blood pressure was 79.9 mmHg [95% CI = 77.2 to 82.5].

The investigators found overall prevalence of hypertension was 28.7% [95% CI = 18.8 to 39.8%].

The investigators found subgroup analysis indicated higher blood pressure levels or higher prevalence of hypertension in adults with cerebral palsy above 40 years of age, men, those with spastic cerebral palsy or those who lived in Africa.

The investigators concluded that the findings in this review article underscore the importance of clinical screening for blood pressure in individuals with cerebral palsy beginning in young adulthood.

Original title:
Blood pressure in adults with cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data by Noten S, van den Berg-Emons RJG, [...], Van Der Slot WMA.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34102658/

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Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect a person's ability to move and maintain balance and posture. Cerebral palsy is the most common motor disability in children.
 

540 mg/d green tea catechins supplementation reduces UV-induced damage due to erythema inflammation

Objectives:
Catechins are a part of the chemical family of flavonoids, a naturally occurring antioxidant, and a secondary metabolite in certain plants. Green tea catechins are well recognized for their essential anti-inflammatory, photo-protective, antioxidant and chemo-preventive functions. Ultraviolet radiation is a principal cause of damage to the skin. Studies observed that regular intake of green tea catechins increased the minimal dose of radiation required to induce erythema. However, there is a gap in knowledge regarding the impact of oral supplementation with green tea catechins on ultraviolet radiation-induced skin inflammation in human subjects. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Is green tea catechin supplementation associated with protection against UV-induced damage due to erythema inflammation in humans?

Study design:
This review article included 6 randomized controlled studies with a total of 100 healthy volunteers. The intervention duration of administrated green tea catechins orally varied from 6 to 12 weeks.

All studies included in this systematic review and meta-analysis measured the erythema index using solar simulator techniques, wherein the blue-light (mimicking sunlight) solar simulator was used to irradiate the skin and skin color was evaluated by chromameter before and 24 h after irradiation at baseline and post-supplementation of green tea catechins.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found meta-analysis results confirmed oral supplementation of green tea catechins was highly effective at low-intensity ultraviolet radiation-induced erythema response [MED range = 1.25 to 1.30] compared to placebo, showing a significant pooling difference in erythema index [SMD = -0.35, 95% CI = -0.57 to -0.13, p = 0.002, I2 = 4%, p = 0.40] in the random-effects model.

The investigators concluded that regular green tea catechin supplementation (as low as 540 mg of green tea catechins per day) is associated with protection against UV-induced damage due to erythema inflammation in humans, wherein green tea catechin metabolites are bioavailable at the dermis and epidermis levels of the skin and thus increase the minimal dose of radiation (MED) required to induce erythema. This in turn suggests that green tea catechins can strengthen the skin’s tolerance to ultraviolet radiation-induced skin damage from radiation through the prevention of the ultraviolet radiation-induced perturbation of epidermal barrier functions.

Original title:
Green Tea Catechin Association with Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Erythema: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Kapoor MP, Sugita M, [...], Okubo T.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8233826/

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Sunburn, also called UV-induced or solar erythema, is characterized by painful blistering and sometimes second degree burn.

 

Vitamin D supplements improve symptoms of knee and hip osteoarthritis among adults

Objectives:
Which disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs improve knee and hip osteoarthritis among adults?

Study design:
This review article included 28 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 11,890 patients.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found glucosamine supplements significantly improved both structure [minimum joint width or cartilage volume: network results: SMD = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.04 to 0.28] and symptoms [pain = -0.15, 95% CI = -0.25 to -0.05 and function = -0.17, 95% CI = -0.28 to -0.07] of knee and hip osteoarthritis among adults.

The investigators found chondroitin supplements significantly improved both structure [minimum joint width or cartilage volume: network results: SMD = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.32] and symptoms [pain = -0.06, 95% CI = -0.15 to -0.03 and function = -0.15, 95% CI = -0.26 to -0.03] of knee and hip osteoarthritis among adults.

The investigators found strontium supplements significantly improved structure [minimum joint width or cartilage volume: SMD = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.20 to 0.38] of knee and hip osteoarthritis among adults.

The investigators found vitamin D supplements significantly improved symptoms [pain = -0.15, 95% CI = -0.27 to -0.03 and function = -0.18, 95% CI = -0.31 to -0.06] of knee and hip osteoarthritis among adults.  

The investigators found, although doxycycline also demonstrated a favorable efficacy ranking, its safety profile was poor [withdrawal: network relative risk = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.03 to 2.75].

The investigators concluded glucosamine and chondroitin supplements yield statistically significant but clinically questionable long-term benefit on structure and symptoms of knee and hip osteoarthritis among adults, though both have favorable safety profiles.
Strontium supplements improve structure and vitamin D supplements improve symptoms of knee and hip osteoarthritis among adults. Although doxycycline has a favorable efficacy ranking, its safety profile is poor.
None of the 12 classes of drugs appears to have long-term clinically significant benefit.

Original title:
The Efficacy and Safety of Disease-Modifying Osteoarthritis Drugs for Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis-a Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis by Yang W, Sun C, […], Zhuo Q.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33846938/

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Cardiovascular reserve is improved after kidney-transplantation

Objectives:
Patients with kidney failure often present with reduced cardiovascular functional reserve and exercise tolerance. Previous studies on cardiorespiratory fitness examined with cardiopulmonary-exercise-testing (CPET) in kidney-transplant-recipients (KTR) had variable results. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does cardiovascular functional reserve improve after kidney-transplantation?

Study design:
This review article included 8 studies with 461 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found kidney-transplant-recipients had significantly higher oxygen consumption at peak/max exercise (VO2 peak/VO2 max) compared to patients with kidney failure [SMD = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.31 to 1.10, I2 = 70%, p = 0.002]. 

The investigators found, in subgroup analyses, similar differences were evident among 7 studies comparing kidney-transplant-recipients and hemodialysis patients [SMD = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.16 to 1.12, I2 = 65%, p = 0.009] and 2 studies comparing kidney-transplant-recipients with peritoneal dialysis subjects [SMD = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.19 to 2.09, I2 = 50%, p = 0.16]. 

The investigators found across 4 studies with relevant data, oxygen consumption during peak/max exercise showed significant improvement after kidney-transplantation compared to pre-transplantation values [WMD = 2.43, 95% CI = 0.01 to 4.85, I2 = 68%, p = 0.02].

The investigators concluded kidney-transplant-recipients exhibit higher cardiovascular functional reserve during cardiopulmonary-exercise-testing compared to patients with kidney failure. Cardiovascular reserve is also improved after kidney-transplantation in relation to pre-surgery levels.

Original title:
Cardiorespiratory fitness in kidney transplant recipients compared to patients with kidney failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Theodorakopoulou MP, Boutou AK, […], Sarafidis P.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34170572/

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Cardiac reserve or cardiovascular reserve refers to the difference between the rate at which the heart pumps blood and its maximum capacity for pumping blood at any given time. A measurement of the cardiovascular reserve may be a health indicator for some medical conditions, like patients with kidney failure.