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Research Question:
High vitamin D blood value lowers the chances of getting high blood pressure?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 8 prospective cohort studies with 55816 283537 participants and people with high blood pressure. The study duration ranged between 1 and 14 years.

There was no heterogeneity between the studies.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found in 5 studies that increasing the vitamin D blood value per 10 ng/mL compared to the baseline, the chances of getting high blood pressure significantly with 12% [95% CI = 0.81-0.97] reduced.

The researchers concluded that high vitamin D blood value the chance of getting high blood pressure lowered.

Original title:
Vitamin D and risk of future hypertension: meta-analysis of 283,537 participants by Kunutsor SK, Antoinette Apekey TA and Sturgeon M.

Link:
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10654-013-9790-2

Additional information about El Mondo:
The best way to get enough vitamin D is through sunlight and/or dietary supplements.
Find here more studies on vitamin d.

Research Question:
In observational studies, an increased intake of vitamin C, vitamin C supplementation and high vitamin C blood concentration are associated with low blood pressure. But the instructions for blood pressure-lowering effects of vitamin C in clinical studies have been inconsistent. Therefore it was the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials to the effects of vitamin C supplementation on blood pressure to investigate.

Can vitamin C supplements lower blood pressure?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 29 Rcts with an average duration of 8 weeks and 10 to 120 participants per study. Only Rcts can show a causal link.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that taking vitamin C supplements (on average 500 mg per day) the systolic pressure (systolic blood pressure) significantly with 3.84 mmHg [95% CI =-5.29 to-2.38 mm Hg, p 0.01] did decrease. Significant is, it can be said with 95% reliability that the short-lived swallowing vitamin C supplements reduced the peak pressure really.

The researchers found that taking vitamin C supplements (on average 500 mg per day) the diastolic pressure (underpressure) significantly with 1.48 mmHg [95% CI =-2.86 to-0.10 mmHg, p = 0.04] did decrease. Significant because the p-value was less than 0.05.

Methypertensieve participants in studies the researchers found that taking vitamin C supplements (on average 500 mg per day) the systolic pressure significantly with 4.85 mmHg [p 0.01] did decrease.

Methypertensieve participants in studies the researchers found that taking vitamin C supplements (on average 500 mg per day) the diastolic pressure non-significant with 1.67 mmHg [p 0.17] did decrease. Non-significant means no link.

The researchers concluded that the short-lived swallowing vitamin C supplements (500 mg per day with an average duration of 8 weeks) the blood pressure lowered but research is needed into the effect of the prolonged swallow vitamin C supplements on blood pressure.

Original title:
Effects of vitamin C supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Juraschek SP, Guallar E, [...], Miller THERE.

Link:
http://www.ajcn.org/content/95/5/1079.short

Additional information about El Mondo:
The optimal blood pressure for a healthy adult person is 120 mmHg systolic blood pressure and 80 mmHg vacuum.

It is not possible through feeding 500 mg of vitamin C per day to get inside. 200-300 g of vegetables and 2-5 pieces of fruit per day on average 200 mg vitamin C on.

Research Question:
Swallowing of vitamin C lowers cholesterol levels in people with high cholesterol?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 13 Rcts. The age of the participants ranged from 48 to 82 years.

The dosage of vitamin C was not less than 500 mg daily for 3 to 24 weeks.
The participants in the intervention group at the beginning of the study had a cholesterol content of 163.7 mg/dL and in the control group was that 154.6 mg/dL.

There was heterogeneity because the random effect model was used but no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found (in 11 Rcts with 328 people in the intervention group and 310 in the control group, average age was 58.9 years) that taking vitamin C for 10 weeks the LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol) significantly with 7.9 mg/dL or 5% [95% CI = − 12.3 to − 3.5, p = 0.000] reduced.
Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.

The researchers found (in 12 Rcts with 355 people in the intervention group and 338 in the control group, average age was 60.8 years) that taking vitamin C for 10 weeks the HDL cholesterol (good cholesterol) non-significant with 1.1 mg/dL or 2.3% [95% CI = − 0.2 to 2.3] increased.
Non-significant is, there is no link to a 95% reliability.

The researchers found (in 10 Rcts with 289 people in the intervention group and 270 in the control group, average age was 55.7 years) that taking vitamin C for 8 weeks the triglyceride levels significantly with 20.1 mg/dL or 8.8% [95% CI = − 33.3 to − 6.8, p 0.003] reduced. Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.

The researchers found that taking vitamin C the LDL/HDL ratio with 0.60 or 16.2% reduced. 16.2% reduction corresponds to a reduced chance of 10.2% of getting heart disease.

The researchers found that taking vitamin C the triglycerides/HDL ratio with 0.47 or 9.4% reduced.

The researchers concluded that swallowing of at least 500 mg of vitamin C per day for 8-10 weeks, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels of people with high cholesterol levels reduced.

Original title:
Vitamin C supplementation Dar serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by McRae 13 MP.

Link:
 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2682928/

Additional information about El Mondo:
Read more about cholesterol and vitamin C.
It is not possible to use nutrition to get 500 mg of vitamin C within.

Optimal LDL cholesterol is 100 mg/dL.
Cholesterol levels can differ from day to day about 10 percent.
Desired total cholesterol/HDL ratio is below 5: 1; optimal is below 3.5: 1.
LDL cholesterol/HDL ratio is below 5: 1; optimal is below 3.5: 1.
HDL cholesterol/LDL ratio you want is above 0.3; optimal above 0.4.
The cholesterol ratio is a better predictor for heart disease than total cholesterol value.

The higher the LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, the higher the risk of heart disease is.
The higher the HDL cholesterol levels, the lower the risk of heart disease is. HDL cholesterol provides transport of cholesterol from the arterial wall to the liver. The higher the HDL-cholesterol, the better is the drainage of excess cholesterol to the liver.

Research Question:
Swallowing of vitamin C lowers the chances of getting complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) after surgery or injury?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 4 Rcts. 
The dosage of vitamin C was not less than 500 mg a day for 45-50 days. There was no heterogeneity.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that swallowing a minimum of 500 mg of vitamin C per day for 45-50 days right after a major surgery or injury, the chances of getting complex regional pain syndrome significantly with 78% [RR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.12-0.39] reduced. Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.

The researchers concluded that the routine at least 500 mg daily swallowing vitamin C, the chances of getting complex regional pain syndrome after a major surgery (a foot or ankle surgery) or injury reduced.

Original title:
Efficacy and safety of high-dose vitamin C on complex regional pain syndrome in extremity trauma and surgery--systematic review and meta-analysis by Shibuya N, Humphers JM, [...], Jupiter DC.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22985495

Additional information about El Mondo:
Read more about vitamin C.
200-300 g of vegetables and 2-5 pieces of fruit per day on average 200 mg vitamin C.
It is not possible 500 mg of vitamin C to get through nutrition.

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is (chronic) pain disorder characterized by pain and changes in color and temperature of the skin. There is also often involve swelling. Other symptoms that may occur include movement restrictions, a change in the sweat pattern, cramping of hands and feet (Dystonia) and changes in skin, hair and nail growth.

CRPS is a condition that occurs at all ages, but more often in people between 45 and 60 years and more in women (75%) than in men.

Research Question:
Eating vitamins lowers the chances of getting colon adenoma?  

Study Design:
This overview article contained 13 observational studies with 3832 people with colon adenoma.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that eating a lot of vitamin C compared to little, the chance of getting colon adenoma significantly with 22% [95% CI = 0.62-0.98] reduced. The reduced risk did not change by BMI, the smoking behaviour and the energy intake.

The researchers found that eating a lot of beta carotene compared with little, the chance of getting colon adenoma also significantly reduced. But the reduced risk was not found for eating a lot of vitamin A [pooled RR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.67-1.14] and vitamin E [pooled RR = 87, 95% CI = 0.69-1.10].

The researchers concluded that eating a lot of vitamin C and beta-carteen the chance of getting colon adenoma reduced.

Original title:
Dietary intake of vitamins A, C, and E and the risk of colorectal adenoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies by Xu X, Yu E, [...], Fu C.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24064545

Additional information about El Mondo:
A good way to daily a lot of vitamin C and beta-carotene to get inside, through 200-300 g of vegetables, especially paprika and dark green leafy vegetables (spinach) and 2-5 pieces of fruit, especially felgekeurde fruits per day.
Find here more studies on vitamin C and beta-carotene.

That eating a lot of vitamin C and beta-carteen the chance of getting colon adenoma lowers, does not say it is justified now to vitamin C and beta carotene supplements to go swallow in the fight against colon adenoma. A power supply with lots of vitamin C and beta carotene is certainly not the same as swallowing vitamin C and beta carotene supplements. You can compare this with the following example: a monkey is an animal but not every animal is a monkey!

Research Question:
Total vitamin C intake reduces and breast cancer-related mortality?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 10 studies (vitamin C supplements (n = 6) and vitamin C through feeding (n = 7)) with 17696 patients with breast cancer and kill, which have gone to 2791 1558 breast cancer death.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that the use of vitamin C supplements after the diagnosis of breast cancer, the risk of total mortality significantly with 19% [95% CI = 0.72-0.91] reduced.

The researchers found that the use of vitamin C supplements after the diagnosis of breast cancer, the risk of breast cancer-related mortality significantly with 15% [95% CI = 0.74-0.99] reduced.

The researchers found that each increase of 100 mg vitamin C through feeding, the risk of total mortality significantly with 27% [95% CI = 0.59-0.89] reduced.

The researchers found that each increase of 100 mg vitamin C through feeding, the risk of breast cancer-related mortality significantly with 22% [95% CI = 0.64-0.94] reduced.

The researchers concluded that vitamin C reduced breast cancer-related mortality total as well.

Original title:
Vitamin C and survival among women with breast cancer: A Meta-analysis by Harris HR, Orsini N and Cloud A.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24613622

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on vitamin C.
 

Research Question:
Vitamin B6-a high blood value lowers the chances of getting colon cancer?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 8 prospective cohort studies and 1 nested case-control study between 2002 and 2009 with 6064 participants. These 9 studies examined the dietary intake of vitamin B6.
4 nested case-control studies with 883 cases and 1424 controls between 2005 and 2009. These 4 studies examined the blood value of vitamin B6.

There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that the highest intake of vitamin B6 through diet compared with the lowest intake, the chances of getting colon cancer non-significant with 10% [95% CI = 0.75-1.07, there was heterogeneity between the studies] reduced. Non-significant is, there is no link to a 95% reliability.

The researchers found that the highest vitamin B6-blood value (150 picomol/mL) compared with the lowest blood value (12.7 picomol/mL), the chances of getting colon cancer significantly with 48% [95% CI = 0.38-0.71, there was no heterogeneity between the studies] reduced. Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.

The researchers found that every increase in blood value with 100 picomol/mL (= 2 times the standard deviation) the chances of getting colon cancer significantly with 49% [95% CI = 0.3-0.69] reduced.

The researchers concluded that high vitamin B6-blood value the chance of getting colon cancer reduced.

Original title:
Vitamin B6 and Risk or Colorectal lung CancerA Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies by Larsson SC, Orsini N and Cloud A.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20233826

Additional information about El Mondo:
Both vitamin B6 through diet and through nutritional supplements can increase the vitamin B6-blood value. Read more about vitamin B6.
 

Research Question:
Endothelial dysfunction is an independent Predictor of atherosclerotic heart disease. Niacin (vitamin B3) has the HDL cholesterol-enhancing, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which help to improve the function of the endothelium. However, there is still a lot of controversy about the effects of niacin on the endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation as a reliable surrogate of the function of the endothelium. It was therefore carried out this review article.

Improves swallowing niacin the endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation (vascular wall function)?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 7 Rcts with a total of 441 participants, of which 213 people in the control group.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that a Niacin Therapy the endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation significantly improved [WMD = 1.98%, 95% CI = 0.91%-3.05%, p = 0.0003]. This effect was robust in the sensitivity analysis and larger when the supplementation at least 2000 mg niacin per day amounted to.

The researchers found in the meta-regression no changes in plasma HDL and LDL cholesterol or triglyceride levels and there was no significant effect of a Niacin Therapy on nitroglycerin-mediated dilation.

The researchers concluded that swallowing of niacin (vitamin B3) the vascular function improved.

Original title:
Effect of niacin on endothelial function: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Sahebkar a.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24391126

Additional information about El Mondo:
An improved vascular function lowers the chances of getting heart disease. Read more about vitamin B3 and heart disease.

Research Question:
Epidemiological studies have reported on the preventive effect of vitamin A intake on bladder cancer. However, the results are inconsistent. It was therefore carried out this review article.

Lowers a high intake of vitamin A or carotenoids the chances of getting bladder cancer?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 25 studies (11 cohort and 14 patient-controls studies) between 1988 and 2013 with a total of 11580 people with bladder cancer.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found in the 11 studies that a high total vitamin A intake compared to a low intake, the chances of getting bladder cancer significantly with 18% [95% CI = 0.65-0.95, I2 = 46.3%] reduced

The researchers found that a high total vitamin A intake compared to a low intake, the chances of getting bladder cancer in cohort studies non-significant 14% [95% CI = 0.67-1.03, I2 = 33.3%] reduced.

The researchers found that a high total vitamin A intake compared to a low intake, the chances of getting bladder cancer in case-control studies significantly with 32% [95% CI = 0.59-0.97, I2 = 60.4%] reduced.

The researchers found that a high retinol intake compared to a low intake, the chances of getting bladder cancer non-significant 12% [95% CI = 0.73-1.02, I2 = 53.9%] reduced.

The researchers found that a high retinol blood value compared with low blood value, the chances of getting bladder cancer significantly with 36% [95% CI = 0.38-0.90, I2 = 7.6%] reduced.

The researchers found that a high carotenoid intake compared to a low intake, the chances of getting bladder cancer significantly with 33% [95% CI = 0.55-0.79] reduced.

The researchers found that a high alpha-carotene intake compared to a low intake, the chances of getting bladder cancer significantly with 13% [95% CI = 0.76-0.99] reduced.

The researchers found that a high beta-carotene intake compared to a low intake, the chances of getting bladder cancer significantly with 11% [95% CI = 0.82-0.97] reduced.

The researchers found that a high beta-cryptoxanthin intake compared to a low intake, the chances of getting bladder cancer significantly with 14% [95% CI = 0.73-1.00] reduced.

The researchers found that a high carotenoid blood value compared with low blood value, the chances of getting bladder cancer significantly with 57% [95% CI = 0.55-0.79] reduced.

The researchers found that a high alpha-carotene blood value compared with low blood value, the chances of getting bladder cancer significantly with 44% [95% CI = 0.37-0.75] reduced.

The researchers found that a high beta carotene blood value compared with low blood value, the chances of getting bladder cancer significantly with 59% [95% CI = 0.05-0.78] reduced.

The researchers found that a high lutein and zeaxanthin blood value compared with low blood value, the chances of getting bladder cancer significantly with 50% [95% CI = 0.12-0.87] reduced.

The researchers concluded that a diet high in vitamin A or carotenoids the chances of getting bladder cancer probably reduced. Probably because the reduced risk in cohort studies was non-significant.

Original title:
Vitamin A and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies by Tong, Wang RJ, [...], Chen Y.

Link:
http://www.wjso.com/content/pdf/1477-7819-12-130.pdf

Additional information about El Mondo:
The reduced risk found in cohort studies now weighs once heavier than found in patient-control studies because cohort studies less are more sensitive to errors that may affect the results. Find here more studies on carotenoids.    
 

Research Question:
The total homocysteïneconcentraties during pregnancy are associated with a wide range of unwanted pregnancy outcomes and may possibly affect the birth weight.

Should women during pregnancy on their homocysteine levels look for?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 19 Rcts with 21326 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The meta-analysis showed a crude OR of 1.25 [95% CI = 1.09-1.44] see. By the crude OR as a linear effect to express it came in line with a decrease in the birth weight of 31 grams (95% CI =-13 to-51 grams) at a 1-SD increase in maternal homocysteine levels.

The researchers concluded that women who during pregnancy a high homocysteine levels had an elevated risk of getting an SGA baby or a baby with a low birth weight. The small estimated birth weight difference would have little clinical relevance to individual newborn but it would be of greater importance, however, are on the population level.

Original title:
Maternal homocysteine and small-for-gestational-age offspring: systematic review and meta-analysis by Hamed M, Blom HJ and DD M.

Link:
http://www.ajcn.org/content/95/1/130.short

Additional information about El Mondo:
Swallow dietary supplements always consult with an expert!

Research Question:
Previous studies showed inconsistent findings regarding the link between a high plasma homocysteine levels and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). It was therefore carried out this review article.

Increases the chances of getting a high plasma homocysteine levels of abdominal aortic aneurysm?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 7 case-control studies with 6445 participants, of which 1410 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm.

There was no question of publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that an increased plasma homocysteine levels the chance of getting an abdominal aortic aneurysm significantly with 229% [95% CI = 1.66-6.51, I2 = 92.9%, p = 0.000] increased.

The researchers found that an increased plasma homocysteine levels the chance of getting an abdominal aortic aneurysm in men non-significant with 136% [95% CI = 0.63-8.82] increased.

The researchers concluded that a high plasma homocysteine levels the chance of getting an abdominal aortic aneurysm probably increased. Probably because this overview article contained only case-control studies and also knew heterogeneity.

Original title:
Homocysteine Level and Risk or Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A Meta-Analysis by Cao H, Hu X, [...], Xin S.

Link:
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0085831

Additional information about El Mondo:
Conclusion found in case-control studies is not really reliable because case-control studies very sensitive to errors, which can affect the conclusion. Therefore, the conclusion be confirmed in case-control studies found in cohort studies or in RCTs. Read more study design.

An abdominal aortic aneurysm is a local dilation of the abdominal aorta. An abdominal aortic aneurysm is defined as an aortic diameter of at least one and a half times the diameter measured at the level of the renal arteries. A Dilated abdominal aorta can tear after which the patient can bleed to death within minutes.

• Risk factors of abdominal aortic aneurysm:
• Diabetes mellitus (diabetes)
• Heredity
• Hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol)
• Hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Age (> 50)
• Men are more likely than women
• Smoking

Research Question:
The evidence for the effects of folic acid on plasma homocysteine levels and the total the glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes are contradictory. It was therefore carried out this review article.

The total plasma homocysteine levels and folic acid supplements improve the glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 4 studies with 183 patients with diabetes type 2.

Results and conclusions:
The meta-analysis showed that folic acid supplements had a significant effect on the total plasma homocysteine levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. The weighted mean difference was-3.52 [95% CI =-4.44 to-2.60]. Significant is, there is a link at 95% reliability.

The meta-analysis showed that folic acid supplements had a non-significant effect on the HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. The weighted mean difference was-0.37 [95% CI =-1.10 to 0.35]. Non-significant is, there is no link.

The researchers concluded that folic acid supplements the total plasma homocysteine levels in patients with type 2 diabetes reduced and there was a trend to recognize in improving glycemic control.

Original title:
Effect of folic acid supplementation on plasma total homocysteine levels and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Sudchada P, Saokaewemail S, [...], Khaithong W.

Link:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016882271200215X

Additional information about El Mondo:
Read more about folic acid and homocysteine levels in the presentation the high folic acid.
 

Research Question:
The endothele function of folic acid supplements improve cardiac patients?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 6 Rcts with 191 patients in the folic acid supplementation group and 186 in the placebo group. The majority of the participants was man.
The duration of the replacement ranged from 8 weeks to 4 months.
There was talk of positive publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that folic acid supplements the flow-mediated dilation or FMD [MD = 57.72 μm, 95% CI = 50.14-65.31, p 0.05] significantly improved.

The researchers found that folic acid supplements the plasma homocysteine levels [MD =-3.66 μmol/L, 95% CI,-5.44 to-1.87, 0.05, I2 = 87% p ] significantly improved.

The researchers concluded that 5 mg folic acid per day for a minimum of 4 weeks the flow-mediated dilation improved and reduced the plasma homocysteine levels in patients with coronary artery disease. So has this overview article in the form of a meta-analysis the importance of high-dose folic acid for improving the function of the endothelium underlined. Folic acid should be recommended to patients with coronary artery disease. However, there are more Rcts need to confirm the conclusion of this meta-analysis.

Original title:
Efficacy of folic acid supplementation on endothelial function and plasma homocysteine concentration in coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials By YI X, ZHOU Y, [...], JIANG X.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3991512/

Additional information about El Mondo:
Coronary heart disease are disorders that are caused by abnormalities in the coronary arteries (coronary artery disease). The two best known diagnoses are acute heart attack and angina.

It is through power supply not possible to get daily 5 mg folic acid within. Via PSU is only possible to 0.2-0.3 mg folic acid to get inside.

Find here more studies on folic acid.

Research Question:
This review article was carried out to assess the impact of adding folic acid to flour (also called folic acid fortification) on to assess the prevalence of neural tube defects.

Folic acid fortification of foods reduces the prevalence of neural tube defects?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 27 studies.

Results and conclusions:
Costa Rica showed a significant reduction in the 60% see neural tube defects.
The prevalence in Chile fell between 1999-2007 of 18.6 to 7.3 per 10 000 births but showed a slight increase to 8.5 in 2008/2009, possibly due to the changes in the fortification limits.

The lowest prevalence of neural tube defects was observed at a folic acid enrichment of 1.5 mg per kg.

The researchers concluded that adding folic acid to flour had a great influence on the neural tube defects in all countries where this was reported. Chile showed a 55% reduction in the prevalence of neural tube defects between 1999 and 2009. But there is a need to continually monitor the levels of the flour fortification in order to be able to maximize the benefits and potential risks of too much folic acid to prevent than have to be vigilant for any new side effects, which are associated with too much folic acid.

Original title:
Impact of folic acid fortification of flour on neural tube defects: a systematic review by Ricardo Castillo-Lancellottia C, Uauya r. Tura YES and

Link:
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=2F7D1ACC68E18220E3935A218D6FFA3B.journals?fromPage=online&aid=8654076

Additional information about El Mondo:
The recognised global recommendation for adding folic acid to wheat flour has a content of 1 to 5 mg per kg. Adding folic acid to wheat flour is a cheap way to reduce the prevalence of neural tube defects.

Read more about folic acid folic acid in the presentation.