Manganese

Scientific studies (review articles) on the relationship between manganese and disease prevention:
A review article of randomized, placebo-controlled double blind clinical trials (RCTs) will answer the following question:
"Do taking dietary supplements make sense?" Yes for a positive conclusion and no for a negative conclusion.

A review article of cohort studies or case-control studies will answer the following question:
"Should I change my diet?".

1. A higher manganese level increases MS
2. Higher manganese exposure is adversely associated with childhood neurodevelopment
3. Manganese deficiency may increase breast cancer
4. Manganese deficiency may be a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease

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• Manganese is a trace mineral.
• Green vegetables, nuts, bread and other cereals and tea are rich sources of manganese.
• Significant amounts of manganese can be lost in food processing, especially in the milling of whole grains to produce flour and in the cooking of beans.
• In the human body, manganese functions as an enzyme activator and as a component of metalloenzymes. The following metalloenzymes are:
  Arginase is an enzyme in the liver, that is responsible for creating urea, a component of urine.
  Glutamine synthetase is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of glutamine.
  Phosphoenolpyruvate decarboxylase is an enzyme that participates in the metabolism of blood sugar.
  Manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme with antioxidant activity that protects tissues from the damaging effects of free radicals.
• Manganese is one of several trace elements (including vanadium and boron) that are necessary for bone health.
  Manganese is the preferred cofactor of enzymes called glycosyl transferases. These enzymes are required for the synthesis of proteoglycans that are needed for the formation of healthy cartilage and bone.
• A manganese deficiency is rare.
• The RDA is approximately 1.8-2.3 mg manganese per day.
• An excess intake (>11 mg per day) can lead to nervous system damage.
• Manganese is found mostly in bones, the liver, kidneys and pancreas.
• The human body contains a total of 15-20 milligrams of manganese, most of which is located in the bones, with the remainder found in the kidneys, liver, pancreas, pituitary glands and adrenal glands.
• Manganese facilitates fat oxidation in the food industry.
• The safe upper limit for adults has been set at 11 mg per day.