Nutritional advice

Objectives:
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common symptom, but prophylactic measures cannot still be carried out effectively. In addition, the efficacy of vitamin E in preventing peripheral neurotoxicity caused by chemotherapy is inconclusive. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does vitamin E supplementation decrease risk of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy?

Study design:
This review article included 8 RCTs with a total of 488 patients.
The number of participants in each arm ranged from 13 to 96.
The experimental intervention was vitamin E supplementation as an adjuvant to cisplatin, paclitaxel and other chemotherapies.
There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found patients who received vitamin E supplementation of 600 mg/day had a significantly lower incidence of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy of 69% [risk ratio = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.14 to 0.65, p = 0.002, I2 = 0%] than the placebo group (group without vitamin E).

The investigators found patients in the cisplatin chemotherapy group who received vitamin E supplementation had a significantly lower incidence of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy of 72% [risk ratio = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.14 to 0.54, p = 0.0001, I2 = 0%]  than the placebo group.

The investigators found, moreover, vitamin E supplementation significantly decreased patients’ sural amplitude after 3 rounds of chemotherapy [MD = -2.66, 95% CI = -5.09 to -0.24, p = 0.03, I2 = 0%] in contrast with that of placebo supplementation, while no significant difference was observed when patients were treated with vitamin E after 6 rounds of chemotherapy [MD = -1.28, 95% CI = -3.11 to 0.54, p = 0.17, I2 = 40%].

The investigators found, in addition, the vitamin E-supplemented group had better improvement in the neurotoxicity score and lower incidence of reflexes and distal paraesthesias than the control group.

The investigators concluded that vitamin E supplementation of 600 mg/day decreases risk of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, particularly in the cisplatin chemotherapy group. More high-quality trials with standardized reporting of clinical outcomes about peripheral neuropathy are needed to explore the exact role of vitamin E in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.

Original title:
Protective Effects of Vitamin E on Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials by Miao H, Li R [...], Wen Z.

Link:
https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/515620

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on vitamin E and cancer right here.

Objectives:
The efficacy of dendritic cell vaccine for newly diagnosed glioblastoma remains controversial. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does dendritic cell vaccine provide benefits for the newly diagnosed glioblastoma?

Study design:
This review article included 3 randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found overall, compared with control group for newly diagnosed glioblastoma, dendritic cell vaccine showed no substantial effect on:
-median overall survival [SMD = 0.11, 95% CI = -0.18 to 0.41, p = 0.45];
-median progression-free survival [SMD = 0.12, 95% CI = -0.24 to 0.48, p = 0.50];
-progression-free survival rate [risk ratio = 1.29, 95% CI = 0.82 to 2.04, p = 0.27];
-overall survival rate [risk ratio = 1.29, 95% CI = 0.61 to 2.72, p = 0.50] or;
-nervous system disorders [risk ratio = 0.80, 95% CI= 0.59 to 1.08, p = 0.14].

The investigators concluded dendritic cell vaccine provides no obvious benefits for the newly diagnosed glioblastoma.

Original title:
The Efficacy of Dendritic Cell Vaccine for Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies by Tan L, Peng J, […], Wu Q.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34767325/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on RCTs/cohort/significantly/review article and cancer right here.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that link innate and adaptive immunity and are critical for the induction of protective immune responses against pathogens.

Glioblastoma is an aggressive type of cancer that can occur in the brain or spinal cord.

Objectives:
Previous meta-analysis studies have indicated inverse associations between some carotenoids and risks of metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, cancer and all-cause mortality. However, the results for associations between carotenoids and type 2 diabetes (T2D) remain inconsistent and no systematic assessment has been done on this topic. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Do higher dietary intakes and circulating concentrations of carotenoids reduce risk of type 2 diabetes?

Study design:
This review article included 13 studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found for the the highest versus the lowest categories of dietary intake of β-carotene a significantly reduced risk of 22% for type 2 diabetes [pooled RR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.70 to 0.87, I2 = 13.7%, n = 6].
This significantly reduced risk was also found for total carotenoids (n = 2), α-carotene (n = 4), and lutein/zeaxanthin (n = 4), with pooled RRs ranging from 0.80 to 0.91, whereas no significant associations were observed for β-cryptoxanthin and lycopene.

The investigators found for the the highest versus the lowest categories of circulating concentration of β-carotene a significantly reduced risk of 40% for type 2 diabetes [pooled RR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.46 to 0.78, I2 = 56.2%, n = 7].
This significantly reduced risk was also found for total carotenoids (n = 3), lycopene (n = 4), and lutein (n = 2), with pooled RRs ranging from 0.63 to 0.85, whereas no significant association was found for circulating concentrations of α-carotene and zeaxanthin when comparing extreme categories.

The investigators found dose-response analysis indicated that nonlinear relations were observed for circulating concentrations of α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein and total carotenoids [all p-nonlinearity 0.05], but not for other carotenoids or dietary exposures.

The investigators concluded that higher dietary intakes and circulating concentrations of total carotenoids, especially β-carotene, are associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes. More studies are needed to confirm the causality and explore the role of foods rich in carotenoids in prevention of type 2 diabetes.

Original title:
Dietary Intake and Circulating Concentrations of Carotenoids and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Observational Studies by Jiang YW, Sun ZH, [...], Pan A.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33979433/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on carotenoids and diabetes right here.

Objectives:
Does breastfeeding reduce risk of ovarian cancer in women with BRCA1 mutation or BRCA2 mutation?

Study design:
This review article included 1 cohort study and 4 case-control studies with a total of 14,601 women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation.

There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found ever having performed breastfeeding significantly reduced risk of ovarian cancer with 23.3% [pooled OR = 0.767, 95% CI = 0.688 to 0.856, I2 = 0%] in women with BRCA1 mutation.

The investigators found ever having performed breastfeeding non-significantly reduced risk of ovarian cancer with 18.3% [pooled OR = 0.817, 95% CI = 0.650 to1.028, I2 = 0%] in women with BRCA2 mutation.

The investigators found breastfeeding for >1 year significantly reduced risk of ovarian cancer with 21.3% [pooled OR = 0.787, 95% CI = 0.682 to 0.907, I2 = 0%] in women with BRCA1 mutation.

The investigators found breastfeeding for >1 year significantly reduced risk of ovarian cancer with 43.3% [pooled OR = 0.567, 95% CI = 0.400 to 0.802, I2 = 0%] in women with BRCA2 mutation.

The investigators concluded that ever having performed breastfeeding reduces risk of ovarian cancer in women with BRCA1 mutation and breastfeeding for >1 year reduces risk of ovarian cancer in women with BRCA2 mutation.

Original title:
The preventive effect of breastfeeding against ovarian cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Eoh KJ, Park EY, […], Lim MC.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34304906/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on breastfeeding and cancer right here.

Objectives:
Previous studies have provided limited evidence for the effect of carrot intake on bladder cancer incidence. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Is there a relationship between dietary carrot intake and bladder cancer incidence?

Study design:
This review article included 3 cohort studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in a meta-analyse of 3 cohort studies no significant association between dietary carrot intake and bladder cancer risk [summary HR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.95 to 1.10, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.859].

The investigators concluded that there is no association between dietary consumption of carrot and the risk of bladder cancer.

Original title:
Association of Dietary Carrot Intake With Bladder Cancer Risk in a Prospective Cohort of 99,650 Individuals With 12.5 Years of Follow-Up by Xu X, Zhu Y, […], Xia D.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8349976/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on carrot consumption and cancer right here.

Objectives:
Although current guidelines recommend reduction of salt intake in patients with diabetes, the benefits of reducing salt intake in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) lack clear evidence. Therefore, this review articles has been conducted.

Does dietary sodium restriction causally reduce blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)?

Study design:
This review article included 8 RCTs with 10 trials (7 cross-over and 3 parallel designs).
No publication bias was found from Begg's and Egger's tests.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found compared with ordinary sodium intake, dietary sodium restriction significantly decreased 24-hour urine sodium level [WMD = -38.430 mmol/24h, 95% CI = -41.665 mmol/24h to -35.194 mmol/24h].

The investigators found dietary sodium restriction significantly lowered systolic blood pressure [WMD = -5.574 mm Hg, 95% CI = -8.314 to -2.834 mm Hg, I2 = 0.0%] and diastolic blood pressure [WMD = -1.675 mm Hg, 95% CI = -3.199 to -0.150 mm Hg, I2 = 0.0%].

The investigators concluded that dietary sodium restriction causally reduces systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Original title:
Effect of dietary sodium restriction on blood pressure in type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Ren Y, Liqiang Qin L, […], Ma Y.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33838996/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on sodium and diabetes right here.

Salt consists of sodium and chloride. So a dietary sodium restriction means a reduction in dietary salt intake.

A diet with dietary salt restriction is a diet with maximum 0.2 grams of salt per 100 kcal.

The easiest way to follow this diet is to choose only products/meals with maximum 0.2 grams of salt per 100 kcal. These products from the supermarket contain maximum 0.2 grams of salt per 100 kcal.

However, the most practical way to follow this diet is, all your daily consumed products/meals should contain on average maximum 0.2 grams of salt per 100 kcal.
To do this, use the 7-points nutritional profile app to see if your daily diet contains maximum 0.2 grams of salt per 100 kcal.

Objectives:
Evidence regarding associations between potato consumption and type 2 diabetes (T2D) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risks is accumulating. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does a high potato intake increase type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus (diabetes mellitus during pregnancy) risk?

Study design:
This review article included 19 studies (13 for type 2 diabetes and 6 for gestational diabetes mellitus) with a total of 21,357 type 2 diabetes cases among 323,475 participants and 1,516 gestational diabetes mellitus cases among 29,288 pregnancies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found meta-analysis showed a significantly increased risk of 19% [RR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.06 to 1.34] for type 2 diabetes for total potato intakes among Western populations.

The investigators found meta-analysis showed a significantly increased risk of 8% [RR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.16] for type 2 diabetes for baked/boiled/mashed potato intakes among Western populations.

The investigators found meta-analysis showed a significantly increased risk of 33% [RR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.70] for type 2 diabetes for French fries/fried potato intakes among Western populations.

The investigators found dose-response meta-analysis demonstrated a significantly increased type 2 diabetes risk by 10% [95% CI = 1.07 to 1.14, p for trend 0.001], 2% [95% CI = 1.00 to 1.04, p for trend = 0.02] and 34% [95% CI = 1.24 to 1.46, p for trend 0.001] among Western populations for each 80 g/day (serving) increment in total potato, unfried potato and fried potato intakes, respectively.

The investigators found dose-response meta-analysis demonstrated a significantly increased gestational diabetes mellitus risk by 22% [95% CI = 1.06 to 1.42, p for trend 0.007] among Western populations for each 80 g/day (serving) increment in total potato intakes.

The investigators found dose-response meta-analysis demonstrated a significantly increased gestational diabetes mellitus risk by 26% [95% CI = 1.07 to 1.48, p for trend = 0.006] among Western populations for each 80 g/day (serving) increment in unfried potato intakes.

The investigators concluded that higher potato intake (at least 80g per day) is associated with higher type 2 diabetes risk among Western populations. The positive relationship presents a significant dose-response manner. Wisely controlled potato consumption may confer potential glucometabolic benefits.

Original title:
Dietary potato intake and risks of type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus by Guo F, Zhang Q, [...], Ma L.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34130021/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on potato intakes and diabetes right here.

Objectives:
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation has been proposed as a potential therapy for cancer-related malnutrition, which affects up to 70% of patients with cancer. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do patients with cancer benefit from oral omega-3 PUFA supplements?

Study design:
This review article included 31 RCTs.
Trials supplementing ≥600 mg/d omega-3 PUFA (oral capsules, pure fish oil or oral nutritional supplements) compared with a control intervention for ≥3 weeks.

The Cochrane risk of bias tool graded most trials as “unclear” or “high” risk of bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found meta-analyses showed no significant difference between omega-3 PUFA supplements and control intervention on muscle mass, quality of life and body weight.

The investigators found oral omega-3 PUFA supplements significantly reduced the likelihood of developing chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy with 80% [OR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.40, p 0.001, I2 = 0%].  

The investigators concluded that oral omega-3 PUFA supplementation may reduce the incidence of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in patients with cancer. May reduce because most trials were graded as “unclear” or “high” risk of bias.

Original title:
The effect of oral omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on muscle maintenance and quality of life in patients with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Lam CN, Watt AE, [...], van der Meij BS.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34130028/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on omega- 3 fatty acids and cancer right here.

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is one of the most frequent side effects caused by antineoplastic agents. Antineoplastic drugs are medications used to treat cancer. Antineoplastic drugs are also called anticancer, chemotherapy, chemo, cytotoxic or hazardous drugs.

Objectives:
Does vitamin C supplementation improve triglyceride and cholesterol levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Study design:
This review article included 15 studies with 872 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found, findings from 15 studies indicated that vitamin C supplementation significantly decreased triglyceride (TG) levels [WMD= -16.48 mg/dL, 95% CI = -31.89 to -1.08, p 0.001] and total cholesterol (TC) levels [WMD = -13.00 mg/dL, 95% CI = -23.10 to -2.91, p 0.001] in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The investigators found, however, vitamin C supplementation failed to improve LDL (bad cholesterol) and HDL cholesterol (good cholesterol) levels. 

The investigators found the meta-regression analysis suggested that lipid profile improvement was affected by duration of vitamin C treatment.

The investigators found dose-response analysis showed that vitamin C supplementation changed LDL cholesterol significantly based on vitamin C dose.

The investigators concluded that vitamin C supplementation improves lipid profile via decreases in triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It appears that vitamin C supplementation is more beneficial to lipid profile in long-term vs. short term interventions.

Original title:
Does vitamin C supplementation exert profitable effects on serum lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes? A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis by Namkhah Z, Ashtary-Larky D, […], Asbaghi O.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33984490/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on vitamine C, cholesterol and diabetes right here.

Objectives:
There appears to be a sex-specific association between obesity and colorectal neoplasia in patients with Lynch Syndrome (LS). Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does obesity (BMI>30) increase colorectal cancer in patients with Lynch Syndrome?

Study design:
This review article included 3 prospective cohort studies with 2,463 subjects (persons), of which 735 subjects with colorectal cancer.

All studies with a prospective study design (cohort studies) expressed the association between obesity and colorectal cancer in terms of adjusted HR (95% CI).

There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found a twofold risk of colorectal cancer in obese men with Lynch Syndrome compared to nonobese men with Lynch Syndrome [SRR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.23 to 3.55, I2 = 33%].  
No significantly increased risk due to obesity was found for women [SRR = 1.41, 95% CI = 0.46 to 4.27, I2 = 68%].  

The investigators found a significantly 49% increased colorectal cancer risk for obesity (BMI>30) for subjects with an MLH1 mutation [SRR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.11 to 1.99, I2 = 0%].

The investigators concluded that obesity (BMI>30) increases colorectal cancer in men with Lynch Syndrome, particularly with an MLH1 mutation.

Original title:
A Meta-Analysis of Obesity and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Patients with Lynch Syndrome: The Impact of Sex and Genetics by Lazzeroni M, Bellerba F, […], Gandini S.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8160758

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on cancer and obesity/overweight right here.

Lynch syndrome, also known as hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), is an autosomal dominantly inherited disease. People with Lynch syndrome have about a 40% to 80% chance of getting colorectal cancer by age 70. They’re also at risk for cancer of the uterus, ovaries or stomach. And they tend to get cancer at younger ages than other people, often in their 30s and 40s.

An error or mutation, in one copy of the MLH1 gene is one of the causes of Lynch syndrome. Men and women with a mutation in MLH1 have a 52-82% lifetime risk (up to age 70) to develop colon or rectal cancer.
 

Objectives:
Does calcium reduce the risk of incidence and recurrence of colorectal adenomas and advanced adenomas?

Study design:
This review article included 37 relevant clinical trials and observational studies involving over 10,964 cases.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that calcium consumption significantly reduced the risk of colorectal adenomas incidence by 8% [RR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.89 to 0.96].

The investigators found that calcium intake as a food significantly reduced the risk of colorectal adenomas incidence by 21% [RR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.72 to 0.86].

The investigators found that calcium intake as dairy product significantly reduced the risk of colorectal adenomas incidence by 12% [RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.78 to 0.98].

The investigators found, however, calcium supplements did not show a significant effect on colorectal adenomas incidence [RR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.89 to 1.05].

The investigators found that total calcium intake significantly reduced the risk of advanced colorectal adenomas incidence by 21% [RR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.73 to 0.85].

The investigators found that total calcium intake significantly reduced the risk of recurrence of adenomas by 12% [RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.93].

The investigators concluded that natural sources of calcium such as dairy products and foods have more effective role than supplementary calcium in terms of reducing the risk of incidence and recurrence of colorectal adenomas and advanced adenomas.

Original title:
Calcium and dairy products in the chemoprevention of colorectal adenomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Emami MH, Salehi M, […], Maghool F.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33951958/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on calcium, dairy products and colorectal cancer right here.

The colorectal adenoma is a benign glandular tumor of the colon and the rectum. It is a precursor lesion of the colorectal adenocarcinoma (colon cancer).

Objectives:
Apart from ruminant fat, trans fatty acids are produced during the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils, (eg, in the production of ultraprocessed foods). Harmful cardiovascular effects of trans fatty acids are already proven, but the link with cancer risk has not yet been summarized. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does high consumption of dietary trans fat increase risk of cancer?

Study design:
This review article included 17 cohort and case-control studies on breast cancer, 11 cohort and case-control studies on prostate cancer and 9 cohort and case-control studies on colorectal cancer.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that high consumption of dietary total trans fat significantly increased prostate cancer with 49% [OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.13 to 1.95].
Significantly means that there is an association with a 95% confidence.

The investigators found that high consumption of dietary total trans fat significantly increased colorectal cancer with 26% [OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.08 to 1.46].
Significant because OR of 1 was not found in the 95% CI of 1.08 to 1.46. OR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators found no association between high consumption of dietary total trans fat and the risk of breast cancer [OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.99 to 1.26].
No association ant because OR of 1 was found in the 95% CI of 0.99 to 1.26. OR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators found results were dependent on the fatty acid subtype, with even cancer-protective associations for some partially hydrogenated vegetable oils.

The investigators found enhancing moderators in the positive transfat-cancer relation were gender (direction was cancer-site specific), European ancestry, menopause, older age and overweight.

The investigators concluded that high consumption of dietary total trans fat increases prostate cancer and colorectal cancer. Future studies need methodological improvements (eg, using long-term follow-up cancer data and intake biomarkers). Owing to the lack of studies testing trans-fatty acid subtypes in standardized ways, it is not clear which subtypes (eg, ruminant sources) are more carcinogenic.

Original title:
Dietary trans-fatty acid intake in relation to cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Michels N, Specht IO and Huybrechts I.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34104953/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on trans fat, breast cancer and colorectal cancer right here.

A diet high in trans fat is a diet with more than 1 En% trans fat.

Trans fat can be found in doughnuts, cakes, pie crusts, biscuits, frozen pizza, cookies, crackers and stick margarines and other spreads.

Objectives:
Despite the widespread increase in the incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer (EoCRC), the reasons for this increase remain unclear. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

What are the risk factors of early-onset colorectal cancer?

Study design:
This review article included 20 studies.

With the exception of alcohol consumption, there was considerable heterogeneity among studies [I2 > 60%].

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found colorectal cancer history in a first-degree relative was significantly associated with a 4.21-fold enhanced risk of early-onset colorectal cancer [RR = 4.21, 95% CI = 2.61 to 6.79].

The investigators found hyperlipidemia significantly increased risk of early-onset colorectal cancer with 62% [RR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.22 to 2.13].

The investigators found obesity (BMI>30) significantly increased risk of of early-onset colorectal cancer with 54% [RR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.01 to 2.35].

The investigators found compared to non-drinkers, high alcohol consumption significantly increased risk of of early-onset colorectal cancer with 71% [RR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.62 to 1.80].

The investigators concluded that colorectal cancer history in a first-degree relative, hyperlipidemia (a high level of lipids (fats, cholesterol and triglycerides) circulating in the blood), obesity and high alcohol consumption are risk factors of early-onset colorectal cancer. High-quality studies conducted on generalizable populations and that comprehensively examine risk factors for early-onset colorectal cancer are required to inform primary and secondary prevention strategies.

Original title:
Risk Factors for Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis by O'Sullivan DE, Sutherland RL, […], Brenner DR.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33524598/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on obesity, alcohol consumption and colorectal cancer right here.

Early-onset colorectal cancer is colorectal cancer diagnosed in a patient younger than age 50.

 

Objectives:
Does spirulina supplementation improve glycemic related markers (like, fasting blood glucose, post prandial blood sugar and HbA1c levels) and lipid profile (like, triglyceride and cholesterol levels) among type 2 diabetes patients?

Study design:
This review article included 8 RCTs (9 arms).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found, spirulina supplementation significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels [-17.88 mg/dL, 95% CI = -26.99 to -8.78, I2 = 25%] among type 2 diabetes patients.

The investigators found, spirulina supplementation significantly reduced triglyceride levels [-30.99 mg/dL, 95% CI = -45.20 to -16.77, I2 = 50%] among type 2 diabetes patients.

The investigators found, spirulina supplementation significantly reduced total cholesterol levels [-18.47 mg/dL, 95% CI = -33.54 to -3.39, I2 = 73%] among type 2 diabetes patients.

The investigators found, spirulina supplementation significantly reduced LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol) levels [-20.04 mg/dL, 95% CI = -34.06 to -6.02, I2 = 75%] among type 2 diabetes patients.

The investigators found, spirulina supplementation significantly reduced VLDL cholesterol levels [-6.96 mg/dL, 95% CI = -9.71 to -4.22, I2 = 33%] among type 2 diabetes patients.

The investigators found, spirulina supplementation significantly increased HDL cholesterol (good cholesterol) levels among type 2 diabetes patients.

The investigators found no significant effect on HbA1C or post prandial blood sugar among type 2 diabetes patients following spirulina supplementation.

The investigators concluded that spirulina supplementation has beneficial effects on fasting blood glucose and blood lipid profiles among type 2 diabetes patients.

Original title:
The effect of spirulina on type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Hatami E, Ghalishourani SS, […], Mansour-Ghanaei F.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34178867/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on lowering cholesterol levels and diabetes right here.

Objectives:
Does guarana supplementation reduce cancer-related fatigue?

Study design:
This review article included 7 RCTs with a total of 427 cancer patients.
Some studies presented a low risk of bias for all the categories.
Meta-analysis was conducted for 3 studies about breast cancer, which presented sufficient data.

The instruments used to analyze fatigue were the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI), the Chalder Fatigue Scale, the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-FATIGUE) and the Piper Scale.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found guarana supplementation did not reduce cancer-related fatigue compared with placebo groups [mean = -0.02, 95% CI = -1.54 to 1.50, p = 0.98] and the quality of evidence according to GRADE was very low.

The investigators concluded that guarana supplementation did not reduce cancer-related fatigue. However, further studies with better methodological quality are needed.

Original title:
The use of guarana (Paullinia cupana) as a dietary supplement for fatigue in cancer patients: a systematic review with a meta-analysis by de Araujo DP, Pereira PTVM, […], Garcia JBS.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34146166/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on fruit and cancer right here.

 

Objectives:
Systemic inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) are associated with breast cancer. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) as an adjuvant treatment with conventional anti-cancer chemotherapy has been demonstrated to help in the inflammatory process and oxidative stress. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does coenzyme Q10 supplementation reduce levels of inflammatory markers, oxidative stress parameters and matrix metalloproteinases/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (MMPs/TIMPs) in patients with breast cancer?

Study design:
This review article included 9 RCTs.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that coenzyme Q10 supplementation (100 mg/day for 45-90 days) significantly decreased the levels of
-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [SMD = -1.88, 95% CI = -2. 62 to -1.13, I2 = 93.1%, p 0.001];
-IL-8 [SMD = -2.24, 95% CI = -2.68 to -1.8, I2 = 79.6%, p = 0.001];
-matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) [SMD = -1.49, 95% CI = -1.85 to -1.14, I2 = 76.3%, p = 0.005] and
-matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) [SMD = -1.58, 95% CI = -1.97 to -1.19, I2 = 79.6%, p = 0.002].

The investigators concluded that 100 mg/day coenzyme Q10 supplementation for 45-90 days reduces some of the important markers of inflammation and matrix metalloproteinases in patients with breast cancer. However, further studies with controlled trials for other types of cancer are needed to better understand and confirm the effect of coenzyme Q10 on tumor therapy.

Original title:
Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on inflammation, angiogenesis, and oxidative stress in breast cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Alimohammadi M, Rahimi A, […], Rafiei A.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34008150/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on coenzyme Q10 and breast cancer right here.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a central role in promoting angiogenesis and is over-expressed in breast cancer.

IL-8 is a marker of ER-negative and/or HER2-positive breast cancer.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of zinc-containing, calcium dependent endopeptidases which play a substantial role in breast carcinogenesis through several mechanisms. These mechanisms include remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM), cell proliferation and angiogenesis which promote metastasis and result in tumor progression.

Objectives:
Does grapes/grape products supplementation improve glycemic indices (like HOMA-IR, Hb1Ac and fasting insulin level) in adults or in other words, does eating grapes or grape products causally improve glycemic indices in adults?

Study design:
This review article included 29 RCTs with a total of 1,297 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found, overall, the grapes/grape products supplementation significantly reduced homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) [WMD = -0.54, 95% CI = -0.91 to -0.17, p = 0.004] in adults.   
Significantly because the calculated p-value of = 0.004 was less than the p-value of 0.05.

The investigators found, however, the grapes/grape products supplementation did not affect fasting insulin levels [WMD = -0.90 μIU/mL, 95% CI = -1.04 to 2.84, p = 0.362] and hemoglobin A1c (Hb1Ac) percentage [WMD = 0.00%, 95% CI = -0.10 to 0.11, p = 0.916] in the main analyses.
Did not affect because the calculated p-value of 0.916 was larger than the p-value of 0.05.

The investigators concluded that the grapes/grape products supplementation reduces homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in adults. Further, large-scale RCTs with longer duration are required to confirm these results.

Original title:
The effect of grapes/grape products on glycemic response: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Moodi V, Abedi S, […], Miraghajani M.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33893683/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on fruit and diabetes right here.

Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) is a method for assessing β-cell function and insulin resistance (IR) from basal (fasting) glucose and insulin or C-peptide concentrations. HOMA-IR is an indicator of insulin resistance in diabetic patients. The higher the value, the more resistant you are to insulin. Diabetic patients often have a high HOMA-IR value.

Objectives:
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs; leucine, isoleucine and valine) are essential amino acids involved in immune responses and may have roles in protein malnutrition and sarcopenia (a type of muscle loss (muscle atrophy) that occurs with aging and/​or immobility). Furthermore, certain liver diseases have been associated with a decreased Fischer's ratio (BCAAs to aromatic amino acids; phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan). However, a comprehensive synthesis of the evidence from human controlled studies on the supplemental use of BCAAs during the oncology peri-operative period has not been published. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) supplementation during the oncological surgical period reduce post-operative morbidity from infections and ascites?

Study design:
This review article included 13 RCTs and 6 cohort studies with 2,019 participants.
Mean (or median) ages of the RCTs populations were from 53 to 67 years old and all of the RCTs had a predominantly male population.
9 RCTs (69%) evaluated oral intake of BCAAs and 4 (31%) administered (parenteral) BCAAs intravenously in hospital.
Duration of treatment use in the RCTs ranged from intra-operatively (single intravenous administration) up to a maximum duration of 13 months (oral administration).

Among 13 RCTs, 77% involved liver cancer. Methodological study quality scored substantial risk-of-bias across most RCTs.

Overall, 6 cohort studies were of low methodological quality.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found meta-analysis of RCTs showed a 38% significantly decreased risk of post-operative infections in BCAAs group compared to controls [RR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.44 to 0.87, p= 0.006, I2 = 0%, number of RCTs, k = 6, total sample size, n = 389].

The investigators found BCAAs supplementation was also beneficial for ascites [RR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.35 to 0.86, p = 0.008, I2 = 0%, k = 4, n = 296], body weight [MD = 3.24 kg, 95% CI = 0.44 to 6.04, p = 0.02, I2 = 24%, k = 3, n = 196] and hospitalization length [MD = -2.07 days, 95% CI = -3.97 to -0.17, p = 0.03, I2 = 59%, k = 5, n = 362].

The investigators found no differences between BCAAs and controls for mortality, recurrence, other post-operative complications (liver failure, edema, pleural effusion), blood loss, quality of life, ammonia level and prothrombin time.

The investigators found no serious adverse events were related to BCAAs; however, serious adverse events were reported due to intravenous catheters. No safety concerns from observational studies were identified.

The investigators concluded that branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) supplementation during the oncological surgical period may reduce important post-operative morbidity from infections and ascites compared to controls. May reduce because the included studies were of low methodological quality. Therefore, blinded, placebo-controlled confirmatory trials of higher methodological quality are warranted, especially using oral, short-term BCAAs-enriched supplements within the context of recent ERAS programs.

Original title:
Are Supplemental Branched-Chain Amino Acids Beneficial During the Oncological Peri-Operative Period: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Cogo E, Elsayed  M, […], Papadogianis P.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7930658/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on protein and cancer right here.

Ascites is the buildup of fluid in the space around the organs in the abdomen. When ascites is caused by cancer, it is called malignant ascites.
 

Objectives:
Due to the rapid increase of primary liver cancer incidence and the poor prognosis, it is imperative to identify new modifiable factors such as diet and nutrition for the prevention of liver cancer. Diet high in saturated fatty acids (SFA) has been hypothesized to be associated with increased risk of cancers. However, the associations between dietary fatty acids and liver cancer are not consistent. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does a diet high in saturated fatty acids or cholesterol increase risk of liver cancer?

Study design:
This review article included 14 prospective cohort studies with 15,890 liver cancer cases.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found for the highest dietary saturated fat versus lowest intake, a significantly increased risk of 34% [RR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.06 to 1.69, I2 = 16.9%, n = 5] for liver cancer.

The investigators found for every increase with 1 En% saturated fat, a significantly increased risk of 4% [RR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.07, I2 = 16.8%, n = 5] for liver cancer.

The investigators found per 0.1-unit increase in ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA): saturated fat (SFA), a significantly decreased risk of 9% [RR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.86 to 0.95] for liver cancer.

The investigators found per 0.1-unit increase in ratio of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA):saturated fat (SFA), a significantly decreased risk of 6% [RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.90 to 0.97] for liver cancer.

The investigators found for every increase with 100 mg dietary cholesterol intake per day, a significantly increased risk of 16% [RR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.07, I2 = 0%, n = 2] for liver cancer.

The investigators found for the highest serum total cholesterol levels versus lowest levels, a significantly decreased risk of 58% [RR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.33 to 0.54, I2 = 90.7%, n = 7] for liver cancer.

The investigators found for the highest serum total cholesterol levels versus lowest levels, a significantly decreased risk of 61% [RR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.27 to 0.57] for liver cancer among men. 

The investigators found for the highest serum total cholesterol levels versus lowest levels, a significantly decreased risk of 69% [RR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.26 to 0.38] for liver cancer among women. 

The investigators found for every increase with 1 mmol/L in serum cholesterol level, a significantly decreased risk of 28% [RR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.69 to 0.75, I2 = 75.3%, n = 7] for liver cancer.

The investigators found for every increase with 1 mmol/L in serum HDL cholesterol level, a significantly decreased risk of 58% [RR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.27 to 0.64, I2 = 0%, n = 2] for liver cancer.

The investigators found these findings were generally robust and stable in sensitivity analyses.

The investigators concluded there is an increased risk for dietary saturated fat with liver cancer using both category and dose-response analyses. Higher ratios of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA):saturated fat (SFA) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFA):saturated fat (SFA) are associated with a lower risk of developing liver cancer. Higher serum total and HDL cholesterol are associated with a lower risk of liver cancer with high between-studies variability.

Original title:
Dietary Fats, Serum Cholesterol and Liver Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies by Zhao L, Deng C, [...], Zhang X.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8037522/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on fat and cholesterol consumption and cancer right here.

A diet high in saturated fat (unhealthy fat) is a diet with more than 10 En% saturated fat.

The easiest way to follow a diet with more than 10 En% saturated fat is to choose only products/meals that also contain more than 10 En% saturated fat. Check here which products contain more than 10 En% saturated fat.

More than 10% saturated fat means that the total amounts of saturated fat make up more than 10% of the total kcal of the diet. So a 2000 kcal diet with more than 10 En% saturated fat contains more than 22 grams of saturated fat. 22 grams of saturated fat provides 22x9 kcal = 198 kcal. 198 kcal is 10% of 2000 kcal.

However, products with more than 10 En% saturated fat are unhealthy products.

Objectives:
Does chromium supplementation improve lipid profile (serum levels of triglyceride and cholesterol) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)?

Study design:
This review article included  24 RCTs (with 28 effect sizes).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that chromium supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in serum levels of triglyceride (TG) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus [MD = -6.54 mg/dL, 95 % CI = -13.08 to -0.00, p = 0.050].
Significant means that there is an association with a 95% confidence.

The investigators found that chromium supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus [WMD = -7.77 mg/dL, 95 % CI = -11.35 to -4.18, p 0.001].

The investigators found that chromium supplementation significantly increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol or good cholesterol) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus [WMD = 2.23 mg/dL, 95 % CI = 0.07 to 4.40, p = 0.043] level.

The investigators found, however, chromium supplementation did not have significant effects on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol or bad cholesterol) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus [WMD = -8.54 mg/dL, 95 % CI = -19.58 to 2.49, p = 0.129] level.

The investigators concluded that chromium supplementation decreases serum levels of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) and increases HDL cholesterol (good cholesterol) levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It should be noted that the lipid-lowering properties of chromium supplementation are small and may not reach clinical importance.

Original title:
Effects of chromium supplementation on lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Asbaghi O, Naeini F, […], Naeini AA.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33813266/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on chromium, cholesterol and diabetes right here.

Objectives:
Does mushroom dietary intake reduce risk of cancer at any site?

Study design:
This review article included 11 case-control studies and 6 cohort studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found higher mushroom consumption significantly reduced total cancer with 34% [pooled RR for the highest compared with the lowest consumption groups = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.55 to 0.78, n = 17].

The investigators found higher mushroom consumption significantly reduced breast cancer with 35% [pooled RR for the highest compared with the lowest consumption groups = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.52 to 0.81, n = 10].

The investigators found higher mushroom consumption significantly reduced nonbreast cancer with 20% [pooled RR for the highest compared with the lowest consumption groups = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.66 to 0.97, n = 13].

The investigators found there was evidence of a significant nonlinear dose-response association between mushroom consumption and the risk of total cancer [p-nonlinearity = 0.001, n = 7].

The investigators concluded higher mushroom consumption reduces risk of cancer, particularly breast cancer.

Original title:
Higher Mushroom Consumption Is Associated with Lower Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies by Ba DM, Ssentongo P, […], Richie JP.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33724299/

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Find more information/studies on vegetables consumption and breast cancer right here.

Objectives:
Controversial results of the association between green tea consumption and risk for esophageal cancer (EC) were reported by previous meta-analysis. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does green tea consumption reduce esophageal cancer risk?

Study design:
This review article included 14 studies with a total of 5,057 esophageal cancer cases among 493,332 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in the dose-response analysis, no association for a 1 cup/d increase in green tea and esophageal cancer risk [the summary OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.95 to 1.04, I2 = 77%].

The investigators found no nonlinearity association was observed between tea consumption and risk for esophageal cancer [p = 0.71 for nonlinearity].

The investigators found in the subgroup analysis of sex, a significantly reduced risk of 21% for esophageal cancer among women for a 1 cup/d increase in green tea [summary OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.68 to 0.91, I2 = 0%].
However, this reduced risk was not found for men [summary OR for a 1 cup/d increase in green tea = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.95 to 1.11, I2 = 67%].
Significant because OR of 1 was not found in the 95% CI of 0.68 to 0.91. OR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators concluded that a 1 cup/d increase in green tea consumption reduces esophageal cancer among women. Notably, these findings might be influenced by limited studies and potential bias, such as dose of green tea assessment and select bias of case-control studies. Further larger number, prospective and well-designed larger-scale studies are needed to provide more precise evidence, especially in women and more regions (United States and Europe).

Original title:
Green tea consumption and risk for esophageal cancer: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis by Zhao H, Mei K, […], Lixia Xie L.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33744644/

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Find more information/studies on green tea consumption and cancer right here.

Objectives:
Does L-arginine supplementation improve biomarkers (fasting blood sugar, insulin, HbA1c and HOMA-IR values) of glycemic control in adults?

Study design:
This review article included 12 randomised clinical trials (RCTs).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found L-arginine supplementation had no significant effect on serum fasting blood sugar (FBS) [weighted mean difference (WMD) = -3.38 mg/dL, 95% CI = -6.79 to 0.04, p = 0.53], serum insulin [WMD = -0.12 Hedges' g, 95% CI = -0.33 to 0.09, p = 0.27], glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) [WMD = -0.04%, 95% CI = -0.25 to 0.17, p = 0.71] and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) [WMD = -0.48, 95% CI = -1.15 to 0.19, p = 0.15].
No significant because the calculated p-value of 0.15 was larger than the p-value of 0.05.

The investigators concluded although several animal studies have proposed that L-arginine supplementation might improve blood glucose control, the present review article could not confirm this benefit in humans.

Original title:
Effects of L-arginine supplementation on biomarkers of glycemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials by Karimi E, Hatami E, […], Askari G.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33426939/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on L-arginine and diabetes right here.

Arginine is classified as a semiessential or conditionally essential amino acid, depending on the developmental stage and health status of the individual, that helps the body build protein. L-arginine is also found in most protein-rich foods, including fish, red meat, poultry, soy, whole grains, beans and dairy products.
 

Objectives:
The etiology of cancer type may vary significantly due to anatomy, embryology and physiology of the cancer site. Although the association between potato consumption and colorectal cancer (CRC) was summarized in a 2018 meta-analysis of 5 cohort studies, however, no meta-analysis has evaluated potato consumption in relation to multiple cancer sites in adults. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do potato intakes increase multiple cancer sites risk?

Study design:
This review article included 20 prospective cohort studies (with a total of 785,348 participants, of which 19,882 incident cases (persons with cancer)) and 36 case-control studies ( with a total of 21,822 cases (persons with cancer) and 66,502 controls (persons without cancer)).

Certainty of the evidence was low for total cancer, colorectal cancer, colon, rectal, renal, pancreatic, breast, prostate and lung cancer and very low for gastric and bladder cancer.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found among cohort studies, no association between high versus low intake of total potato (white and yellow) consumption and overall cancers [RR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.96 to 1.11, tau2 = 0.005, n = 18].

The investigators found no relation between total potato consumption (high compared with low intake) and risk of colorectal, pancreatic, colon, gastric, breast, prostate, kidney, lung or bladder cancer in cohort or case-control studies.

The investigators found no association between high versus low consumption of potato preparations (boiled/fried/mashed/roasted/baked) and risk of gastrointestinal-, sex-hormone-, or urinary-related cancers in cohort or case-control studies.

The investigators concluded that potato intakes or potato preparations are not associated with multiple cancer sites when comparing high and low intake categories. This finding is consistent with the findings from the 2018 meta-analysis regarding potato intake and risk of colorectal cancer.

Original title:
Potato Consumption and Risk of Site-Specific Cancers in Adults: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies by Mofrad MD, Mozaffari H, […], Azadbakht L.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33861304/

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Objectives:
Does garlic supplementation reduce adiponectin and leptin serum levels?

Study design:
This review article included 5 RCTs.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that garlic supplementation did not significantly affect adiponectin [Hedges's = 0.20, 95% CI = -0.06 to 0.47, p = 0.12] and leptin [Hedges's = 0.08, 95% CI = -0.26 to 0.41, p = 0.65] concentrations in comparison with placebo.

The investigators found, however, in the subgroup analysis, significantly increased serum adiponectin level was seen following garlic supplementation in trials with a mean age of participants ˂30 years [Hedges's = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.87, p = 0.04], the doses ˂1.5 g/day [Hedges's = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.02 to 0.71, p = 0.04] and trials with duration ≥8 weeks [Hedges's = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.08 to 0.89, p = 0.02].

The investigators concluded that ˂1.5 g/day garlic supplementation during ≥8 weeks reduces adiponectin level among participants ˂30 years.

Original title:
Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials on the effects of garlic supplementation on serum adiponectin and leptin levels by Shekarchizadeh-Esfahani P, Hassani B, […], Soraya N.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33792129/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about review article/significant and garlic.

Adiponectin is a fat-derived hormone that appears to play a crucial role in protecting against insulin resistance/diabetes and atherosclerosis (atherosclerosis is the dominant cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD)). Decreased adiponectin levels are thought to play a central role in the development of obesity, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in humans.