Nutritional advice

Objectives:
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common symptom, but prophylactic measures cannot still be carried out effectively. In addition, the efficacy of vitamin E in preventing peripheral neurotoxicity caused by chemotherapy is inconclusive. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does vitamin E supplementation decrease risk of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy?

Study design:
This review article included 8 RCTs with a total of 488 patients.
The number of participants in each arm ranged from 13 to 96.
The experimental intervention was vitamin E supplementation as an adjuvant to cisplatin, paclitaxel and other chemotherapies.
There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found patients who received vitamin E supplementation of 600 mg/day had a significantly lower incidence of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy of 69% [risk ratio = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.14 to 0.65, p = 0.002, I2 = 0%] than the placebo group (group without vitamin E).

The investigators found patients in the cisplatin chemotherapy group who received vitamin E supplementation had a significantly lower incidence of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy of 72% [risk ratio = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.14 to 0.54, p = 0.0001, I2 = 0%]  than the placebo group.

The investigators found, moreover, vitamin E supplementation significantly decreased patients’ sural amplitude after 3 rounds of chemotherapy [MD = -2.66, 95% CI = -5.09 to -0.24, p = 0.03, I2 = 0%] in contrast with that of placebo supplementation, while no significant difference was observed when patients were treated with vitamin E after 6 rounds of chemotherapy [MD = -1.28, 95% CI = -3.11 to 0.54, p = 0.17, I2 = 40%].

The investigators found, in addition, the vitamin E-supplemented group had better improvement in the neurotoxicity score and lower incidence of reflexes and distal paraesthesias than the control group.

The investigators concluded that vitamin E supplementation of 600 mg/day decreases risk of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, particularly in the cisplatin chemotherapy group. More high-quality trials with standardized reporting of clinical outcomes about peripheral neuropathy are needed to explore the exact role of vitamin E in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.

Original title:
Protective Effects of Vitamin E on Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials by Miao H, Li R [...], Wen Z.

Link:
https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/515620

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on vitamin E and cancer right here.

Objectives:
With the increasing incidence of osteoporosis, vitamin K and calcium have been linked to bone mineral density (BMD) and undercarboxylated osteocalcin (UcOC) in many studies, but the results of studies of the combined effect of vitamin K and calcium on BMD and UcOC in humans have been inconsistent. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do vitamin K and calcium supplements used in combination increase bone mineral density and decrease undercarboxylated osteocalcin level?

Study design:
This review article included 10 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a total of 1,346 patients.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that the combination of vitamin K and calcium supplements was significantly associated with a higher lumbar spine bone mineral density [SMD = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.07 to 0.32, I2 = 46.9%, p = 0.049].
However, after applying trim and fill method (where correction was made for publication bias), the results were not statistically significant [estimate = 0.067, 95% CI = -0.044 to 0.178].

The investigators found that vitamin K and calcium supplementation led to a significant decrease in undercarboxylated osteocalcin [SMD = -1.71, 95% CI = - 2.45 to -0.96, I2 = 95.7%, p  0.01].
The results did not change after correcting publication bias [estimate = - 0.947, 95% CI = -1.211 to - 0.687].
The SMD in the sensitivity analysis was -0.82 [95% CI = - 1.10 to -0.55, I2 = 65.4%, p  0.01].

The investigators found in subgroup analysis that the combination of vitamin K2 and calcium supplements was significantly associated with a higher lumbar spine bone mineral density [SMD = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.51, I2 = 0%].

The investigators found in subgroup analysis that the combination of vitamin K and  ≤ 1000 mg/d calcium supplements was significantly associated with a higher lumbar spine bone mineral density [SMD = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.05 to 0.32, I2 = 62.3%].

The investigators found in subgroup analysis that the combination of  ≤100 µg/d vitamin K and calcium supplements was significantly associated with a higher lumbar spine bone mineral density [SMD = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.20 to 0.61, I2 = 49.9%].

The investigators found in subgroup analysis that the combination of vitamin K and calcium supplements during ≤1 year was significantly associated with a higher lumbar spine bone mineral density [SMD = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.19 to 0.57, I2 = 40%].

The investigators concluded that ≤100 µg/d vitamin K2 and ≤1000 mg/d calcium supplements used in combination are associated with a higher lumbar spine bone mineral density and a lower undercarboxylated osteocalcin level.

Original title:
The combined effect of vitamin K and calcium on bone mineral density in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Hu L, Ji J, [...], Yu B.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8515712/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on review article/RCTs/publication bias, vitamin K, calcium and increasing bone mineral density right here.

Objectives:
The efficacy of dendritic cell vaccine for newly diagnosed glioblastoma remains controversial. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does dendritic cell vaccine provide benefits for the newly diagnosed glioblastoma?

Study design:
This review article included 3 randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found overall, compared with control group for newly diagnosed glioblastoma, dendritic cell vaccine showed no substantial effect on:
-median overall survival [SMD = 0.11, 95% CI = -0.18 to 0.41, p = 0.45];
-median progression-free survival [SMD = 0.12, 95% CI = -0.24 to 0.48, p = 0.50];
-progression-free survival rate [risk ratio = 1.29, 95% CI = 0.82 to 2.04, p = 0.27];
-overall survival rate [risk ratio = 1.29, 95% CI = 0.61 to 2.72, p = 0.50] or;
-nervous system disorders [risk ratio = 0.80, 95% CI= 0.59 to 1.08, p = 0.14].

The investigators concluded dendritic cell vaccine provides no obvious benefits for the newly diagnosed glioblastoma.

Original title:
The Efficacy of Dendritic Cell Vaccine for Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies by Tan L, Peng J, […], Wu Q.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34767325/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on RCTs/cohort/significantly/review article and cancer right here.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that link innate and adaptive immunity and are critical for the induction of protective immune responses against pathogens.

Glioblastoma is an aggressive type of cancer that can occur in the brain or spinal cord.

Objectives:
Whether mushroom consumption, which is a rich source of potent antioxidants ergothioneine and glutathione, vitamins and minerals (e.g., selenium & copper), is associated with a lower mortality risk is not well understood. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does mushroom consumption reduce all-cause mortality?

Study design:
This review article included 5 prospective cohort studies with a total of 50,787 cases of deaths accrued in 601,893 men and women.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in a meta-analysis that mushroom consumption was significantly associated with an 6% decrease of the risk of all-cause mortality [pooled risk ratio = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.91 to 0.98].  

The investigators concluded that a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies shows mushroom consumption reduces all-cause mortality. These findings can be used to support public health recommendations and increase awareness about the health-promoting effects of mushrooms. Large prospective cohort studies with repeated dietary data measurements are needed to replicate these findings and clarify the potential protective role of mushrooms against premature mortality.

Original title:
Prospective study of dietary mushroom intake and risk of mortality: results from continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2014 and a meta-analysis by Ba DM, Gao X, [...], Richie Jr JP.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8454070/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on fruits and vegetables consumption and elderly right here.

Objectives:
Does fruits and vegetables (FVs) consumption reduce risk of frailty?

Study design:
This review article included 10 cohort studies and 4 cross-sectional studies with 18,616 subjects with frailty and 101,969 controls (persons without frailty).

Based on the NutriGrade score, the quality of evidence for a protective effect of fruits and vegetables consumption on frailty was "moderate".

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in 7 cohort studies for the highest versus lowest category of fruits and vegetables consumption a significantly reduced risk of 35% for frailty [RR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.50 to 0.84, I2 = 81%].

The investigators found that every 200g per day increment in fruits and vegetables consumption was significantly associated with a 14% lower risk of frailty.
The risk of frailty decreased linearly up to fruits and vegetables consumption of 700 g/d, with flattening the curve at higher intake.

The investigators found that pooled analysis regarding fruits and vegetables separately did not indicate a significant association with the risk of frailty.

The investigators concluded that 200-700 g/d fruits and vegetables consumption decreases risk of frailty. Further large-scale prospective cohort studies are needed to reach more confident conclusions.

Original title:
Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of frailty: A systematic review and dose response meta-analysis by Ghoreishy SM, Asoudeh F, […], Mohammadi H.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34534684/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on fruits and vegetables consumption and elderly right here.

Objectives:
Does breastfeeding reduce risk of ovarian cancer in women with BRCA1 mutation or BRCA2 mutation?

Study design:
This review article included 1 cohort study and 4 case-control studies with a total of 14,601 women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation.

There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found ever having performed breastfeeding significantly reduced risk of ovarian cancer with 23.3% [pooled OR = 0.767, 95% CI = 0.688 to 0.856, I2 = 0%] in women with BRCA1 mutation.

The investigators found ever having performed breastfeeding non-significantly reduced risk of ovarian cancer with 18.3% [pooled OR = 0.817, 95% CI = 0.650 to1.028, I2 = 0%] in women with BRCA2 mutation.

The investigators found breastfeeding for >1 year significantly reduced risk of ovarian cancer with 21.3% [pooled OR = 0.787, 95% CI = 0.682 to 0.907, I2 = 0%] in women with BRCA1 mutation.

The investigators found breastfeeding for >1 year significantly reduced risk of ovarian cancer with 43.3% [pooled OR = 0.567, 95% CI = 0.400 to 0.802, I2 = 0%] in women with BRCA2 mutation.

The investigators concluded that ever having performed breastfeeding reduces risk of ovarian cancer in women with BRCA1 mutation and breastfeeding for >1 year reduces risk of ovarian cancer in women with BRCA2 mutation.

Original title:
The preventive effect of breastfeeding against ovarian cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Eoh KJ, Park EY, […], Lim MC.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34304906/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on breastfeeding and cancer right here.

Objectives:
Findings on the link between dietary intakes of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and risk of mortality are conflicting. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does monounsaturated fatty acids dietary intake reduce risk of mortality?

Study design:
This review article included 17 prospective cohort studies with a total of 1022,321 participants aged ≥ 20 years, of which 191,283 all-cause deaths, 55,437 cardiovascular diseases (CVD) deaths and 64,448 cancer deaths.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found combining 15 effect sizes from 11 studies, monounsaturated fatty acids dietary intake was significantly associated with a reduced risk of 6% for all-cause mortality [RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.90 to 0.98, I2 = 55.5%, p = 0.005].
Significantly because RR of 1 was not found in the 95% CI of 0.90 to 0.98. RR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators found based on 17 effect sizes from 11 studies, no significant association between monounsaturated fatty acids dietary intake and risk of cardiovascular diseases mortality [RR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.89 to 1.01, I2 =37.0%, p = 0.06].
No significant means that there is no association with a 95% confidence.

The investigators found when combining 10 effect sizes from 6 studies, monounsaturated fatty acids dietary intake was not significantly associated with cancer mortality [RR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.96 to 1.03, I2 = 13.3%, p = 0.32].  
Not significantly because RR of 1 was found in the 95% CI of 0.96 to 1.03. RR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators found an additional 5% of energy (5 En%) from monounsaturated fatty acids was significantly associated with a 3% reduced risk of all-cause mortality [RR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.96 to 0.98], but not with cardiovascular diseases [RR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.95 to 1.01] and cancer mortality [RR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.97 to 1.01].

The investigators concluded that monounsaturated fatty acids dietary intake reduces risk of all-cause mortality.

Original title:
Dietary intakes of monounsaturated fatty acids and risk of mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease and cancer: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies by Lotfi K, Salari-Moghaddam A, […], Esmaillzadeh A.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34560281/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on fatty acids, cardiovascular disease and elderly right here.

Objectives:
Previous studies have provided limited evidence for the effect of carrot intake on bladder cancer incidence. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Is there a relationship between dietary carrot intake and bladder cancer incidence?

Study design:
This review article included 3 cohort studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in a meta-analyse of 3 cohort studies no significant association between dietary carrot intake and bladder cancer risk [summary HR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.95 to 1.10, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.859].

The investigators concluded that there is no association between dietary consumption of carrot and the risk of bladder cancer.

Original title:
Association of Dietary Carrot Intake With Bladder Cancer Risk in a Prospective Cohort of 99,650 Individuals With 12.5 Years of Follow-Up by Xu X, Zhu Y, […], Xia D.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8349976/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on carrot consumption and cancer right here.

Objectives:
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation has been proposed as a potential therapy for cancer-related malnutrition, which affects up to 70% of patients with cancer. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do patients with cancer benefit from oral omega-3 PUFA supplements?

Study design:
This review article included 31 RCTs.
Trials supplementing ≥600 mg/d omega-3 PUFA (oral capsules, pure fish oil or oral nutritional supplements) compared with a control intervention for ≥3 weeks.

The Cochrane risk of bias tool graded most trials as “unclear” or “high” risk of bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found meta-analyses showed no significant difference between omega-3 PUFA supplements and control intervention on muscle mass, quality of life and body weight.

The investigators found oral omega-3 PUFA supplements significantly reduced the likelihood of developing chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy with 80% [OR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.40, p 0.001, I2 = 0%].  

The investigators concluded that oral omega-3 PUFA supplementation may reduce the incidence of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in patients with cancer. May reduce because most trials were graded as “unclear” or “high” risk of bias.

Original title:
The effect of oral omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on muscle maintenance and quality of life in patients with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Lam CN, Watt AE, [...], van der Meij BS.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34130028/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on omega- 3 fatty acids and cancer right here.

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is one of the most frequent side effects caused by antineoplastic agents. Antineoplastic drugs are medications used to treat cancer. Antineoplastic drugs are also called anticancer, chemotherapy, chemo, cytotoxic or hazardous drugs.

Objectives:
There appears to be a sex-specific association between obesity and colorectal neoplasia in patients with Lynch Syndrome (LS). Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does obesity (BMI>30) increase colorectal cancer in patients with Lynch Syndrome?

Study design:
This review article included 3 prospective cohort studies with 2,463 subjects (persons), of which 735 subjects with colorectal cancer.

All studies with a prospective study design (cohort studies) expressed the association between obesity and colorectal cancer in terms of adjusted HR (95% CI).

There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found a twofold risk of colorectal cancer in obese men with Lynch Syndrome compared to nonobese men with Lynch Syndrome [SRR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.23 to 3.55, I2 = 33%].  
No significantly increased risk due to obesity was found for women [SRR = 1.41, 95% CI = 0.46 to 4.27, I2 = 68%].  

The investigators found a significantly 49% increased colorectal cancer risk for obesity (BMI>30) for subjects with an MLH1 mutation [SRR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.11 to 1.99, I2 = 0%].

The investigators concluded that obesity (BMI>30) increases colorectal cancer in men with Lynch Syndrome, particularly with an MLH1 mutation.

Original title:
A Meta-Analysis of Obesity and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Patients with Lynch Syndrome: The Impact of Sex and Genetics by Lazzeroni M, Bellerba F, […], Gandini S.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8160758

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on cancer and obesity/overweight right here.

Lynch syndrome, also known as hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), is an autosomal dominantly inherited disease. People with Lynch syndrome have about a 40% to 80% chance of getting colorectal cancer by age 70. They’re also at risk for cancer of the uterus, ovaries or stomach. And they tend to get cancer at younger ages than other people, often in their 30s and 40s.

An error or mutation, in one copy of the MLH1 gene is one of the causes of Lynch syndrome. Men and women with a mutation in MLH1 have a 52-82% lifetime risk (up to age 70) to develop colon or rectal cancer.
 

Objectives:
Does calcium reduce the risk of incidence and recurrence of colorectal adenomas and advanced adenomas?

Study design:
This review article included 37 relevant clinical trials and observational studies involving over 10,964 cases.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that calcium consumption significantly reduced the risk of colorectal adenomas incidence by 8% [RR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.89 to 0.96].

The investigators found that calcium intake as a food significantly reduced the risk of colorectal adenomas incidence by 21% [RR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.72 to 0.86].

The investigators found that calcium intake as dairy product significantly reduced the risk of colorectal adenomas incidence by 12% [RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.78 to 0.98].

The investigators found, however, calcium supplements did not show a significant effect on colorectal adenomas incidence [RR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.89 to 1.05].

The investigators found that total calcium intake significantly reduced the risk of advanced colorectal adenomas incidence by 21% [RR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.73 to 0.85].

The investigators found that total calcium intake significantly reduced the risk of recurrence of adenomas by 12% [RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.93].

The investigators concluded that natural sources of calcium such as dairy products and foods have more effective role than supplementary calcium in terms of reducing the risk of incidence and recurrence of colorectal adenomas and advanced adenomas.

Original title:
Calcium and dairy products in the chemoprevention of colorectal adenomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Emami MH, Salehi M, […], Maghool F.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33951958/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on calcium, dairy products and colorectal cancer right here.

The colorectal adenoma is a benign glandular tumor of the colon and the rectum. It is a precursor lesion of the colorectal adenocarcinoma (colon cancer).

Objectives:
Apart from ruminant fat, trans fatty acids are produced during the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils, (eg, in the production of ultraprocessed foods). Harmful cardiovascular effects of trans fatty acids are already proven, but the link with cancer risk has not yet been summarized. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does high consumption of dietary trans fat increase risk of cancer?

Study design:
This review article included 17 cohort and case-control studies on breast cancer, 11 cohort and case-control studies on prostate cancer and 9 cohort and case-control studies on colorectal cancer.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that high consumption of dietary total trans fat significantly increased prostate cancer with 49% [OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.13 to 1.95].
Significantly means that there is an association with a 95% confidence.

The investigators found that high consumption of dietary total trans fat significantly increased colorectal cancer with 26% [OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.08 to 1.46].
Significant because OR of 1 was not found in the 95% CI of 1.08 to 1.46. OR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators found no association between high consumption of dietary total trans fat and the risk of breast cancer [OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.99 to 1.26].
No association ant because OR of 1 was found in the 95% CI of 0.99 to 1.26. OR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators found results were dependent on the fatty acid subtype, with even cancer-protective associations for some partially hydrogenated vegetable oils.

The investigators found enhancing moderators in the positive transfat-cancer relation were gender (direction was cancer-site specific), European ancestry, menopause, older age and overweight.

The investigators concluded that high consumption of dietary total trans fat increases prostate cancer and colorectal cancer. Future studies need methodological improvements (eg, using long-term follow-up cancer data and intake biomarkers). Owing to the lack of studies testing trans-fatty acid subtypes in standardized ways, it is not clear which subtypes (eg, ruminant sources) are more carcinogenic.

Original title:
Dietary trans-fatty acid intake in relation to cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Michels N, Specht IO and Huybrechts I.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34104953/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on trans fat, breast cancer and colorectal cancer right here.

A diet high in trans fat is a diet with more than 1 En% trans fat.

Trans fat can be found in doughnuts, cakes, pie crusts, biscuits, frozen pizza, cookies, crackers and stick margarines and other spreads.

Objectives:
Despite the widespread increase in the incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer (EoCRC), the reasons for this increase remain unclear. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

What are the risk factors of early-onset colorectal cancer?

Study design:
This review article included 20 studies.

With the exception of alcohol consumption, there was considerable heterogeneity among studies [I2 > 60%].

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found colorectal cancer history in a first-degree relative was significantly associated with a 4.21-fold enhanced risk of early-onset colorectal cancer [RR = 4.21, 95% CI = 2.61 to 6.79].

The investigators found hyperlipidemia significantly increased risk of early-onset colorectal cancer with 62% [RR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.22 to 2.13].

The investigators found obesity (BMI>30) significantly increased risk of of early-onset colorectal cancer with 54% [RR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.01 to 2.35].

The investigators found compared to non-drinkers, high alcohol consumption significantly increased risk of of early-onset colorectal cancer with 71% [RR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.62 to 1.80].

The investigators concluded that colorectal cancer history in a first-degree relative, hyperlipidemia (a high level of lipids (fats, cholesterol and triglycerides) circulating in the blood), obesity and high alcohol consumption are risk factors of early-onset colorectal cancer. High-quality studies conducted on generalizable populations and that comprehensively examine risk factors for early-onset colorectal cancer are required to inform primary and secondary prevention strategies.

Original title:
Risk Factors for Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis by O'Sullivan DE, Sutherland RL, […], Brenner DR.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33524598/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on obesity, alcohol consumption and colorectal cancer right here.

Early-onset colorectal cancer is colorectal cancer diagnosed in a patient younger than age 50.

 

Objectives:
Does guarana supplementation reduce cancer-related fatigue?

Study design:
This review article included 7 RCTs with a total of 427 cancer patients.
Some studies presented a low risk of bias for all the categories.
Meta-analysis was conducted for 3 studies about breast cancer, which presented sufficient data.

The instruments used to analyze fatigue were the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI), the Chalder Fatigue Scale, the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-FATIGUE) and the Piper Scale.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found guarana supplementation did not reduce cancer-related fatigue compared with placebo groups [mean = -0.02, 95% CI = -1.54 to 1.50, p = 0.98] and the quality of evidence according to GRADE was very low.

The investigators concluded that guarana supplementation did not reduce cancer-related fatigue. However, further studies with better methodological quality are needed.

Original title:
The use of guarana (Paullinia cupana) as a dietary supplement for fatigue in cancer patients: a systematic review with a meta-analysis by de Araujo DP, Pereira PTVM, […], Garcia JBS.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34146166/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on fruit and cancer right here.

 

Objectives:
Systemic inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) are associated with breast cancer. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) as an adjuvant treatment with conventional anti-cancer chemotherapy has been demonstrated to help in the inflammatory process and oxidative stress. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does coenzyme Q10 supplementation reduce levels of inflammatory markers, oxidative stress parameters and matrix metalloproteinases/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (MMPs/TIMPs) in patients with breast cancer?

Study design:
This review article included 9 RCTs.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that coenzyme Q10 supplementation (100 mg/day for 45-90 days) significantly decreased the levels of
-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [SMD = -1.88, 95% CI = -2. 62 to -1.13, I2 = 93.1%, p 0.001];
-IL-8 [SMD = -2.24, 95% CI = -2.68 to -1.8, I2 = 79.6%, p = 0.001];
-matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) [SMD = -1.49, 95% CI = -1.85 to -1.14, I2 = 76.3%, p = 0.005] and
-matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) [SMD = -1.58, 95% CI = -1.97 to -1.19, I2 = 79.6%, p = 0.002].

The investigators concluded that 100 mg/day coenzyme Q10 supplementation for 45-90 days reduces some of the important markers of inflammation and matrix metalloproteinases in patients with breast cancer. However, further studies with controlled trials for other types of cancer are needed to better understand and confirm the effect of coenzyme Q10 on tumor therapy.

Original title:
Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on inflammation, angiogenesis, and oxidative stress in breast cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Alimohammadi M, Rahimi A, […], Rafiei A.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34008150/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on coenzyme Q10 and breast cancer right here.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a central role in promoting angiogenesis and is over-expressed in breast cancer.

IL-8 is a marker of ER-negative and/or HER2-positive breast cancer.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of zinc-containing, calcium dependent endopeptidases which play a substantial role in breast carcinogenesis through several mechanisms. These mechanisms include remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM), cell proliferation and angiogenesis which promote metastasis and result in tumor progression.

Objectives:
Despite growing evidence that type 2 diabetes is associated with dementia, the question of whether intensive glucose control can prevent or arrest cognitive decline remains unanswered. Therefore, this review articles (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does intensive glucose control slow down cognitive decline in persons with type 2 diabetes?

Study design:
This review article included 5 cohort studies with 16,584 participants.
The mean follow-up duration ranged from 3.5 to 10 years.
The mean age of participants in the studies included in the current meta-analysis was 65.6 years at the initiation of the studies and the proportion of women was 40.8%.
All quality assessment scores fell in the range of 8 or 9, indicating high quality.
There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found a significantly poorer decline in cognitive function in the intensive glucose control group [β = -0.03, 95% CI = -0.05 to -0.02] than in the conventional glucose control group.

The investigators found, subgroup analysis showed a significant difference in the change in cognitive performance in composite cognitive function [β = -0.03, 95% CI = -0.05 to -0.01] and memory [β = -0.13, 95% CI = -0.25 to -0.02].

The investigators concluded that intensive glucose control in persons with type 2 diabetes slows down cognitive decline, especially the decline in composite and memory function. The impact of intensive glucose control on the brain structural abnormalities and risk of dementia needs further rigorously designed studies to validate these findings. Also, replicating and validating these findings is warranted.

Original title:
Impact of Intensive Glucose Control on Brain Health: Meta-Analysis of Cumulative Data from 16,584 Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Tang X, Cardoso MA, […], Simó R.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7947088/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on glucose, dementia and diabetes right here.

Objectives:
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs; leucine, isoleucine and valine) are essential amino acids involved in immune responses and may have roles in protein malnutrition and sarcopenia (a type of muscle loss (muscle atrophy) that occurs with aging and/​or immobility). Furthermore, certain liver diseases have been associated with a decreased Fischer's ratio (BCAAs to aromatic amino acids; phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan). However, a comprehensive synthesis of the evidence from human controlled studies on the supplemental use of BCAAs during the oncology peri-operative period has not been published. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) supplementation during the oncological surgical period reduce post-operative morbidity from infections and ascites?

Study design:
This review article included 13 RCTs and 6 cohort studies with 2,019 participants.
Mean (or median) ages of the RCTs populations were from 53 to 67 years old and all of the RCTs had a predominantly male population.
9 RCTs (69%) evaluated oral intake of BCAAs and 4 (31%) administered (parenteral) BCAAs intravenously in hospital.
Duration of treatment use in the RCTs ranged from intra-operatively (single intravenous administration) up to a maximum duration of 13 months (oral administration).

Among 13 RCTs, 77% involved liver cancer. Methodological study quality scored substantial risk-of-bias across most RCTs.

Overall, 6 cohort studies were of low methodological quality.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found meta-analysis of RCTs showed a 38% significantly decreased risk of post-operative infections in BCAAs group compared to controls [RR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.44 to 0.87, p= 0.006, I2 = 0%, number of RCTs, k = 6, total sample size, n = 389].

The investigators found BCAAs supplementation was also beneficial for ascites [RR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.35 to 0.86, p = 0.008, I2 = 0%, k = 4, n = 296], body weight [MD = 3.24 kg, 95% CI = 0.44 to 6.04, p = 0.02, I2 = 24%, k = 3, n = 196] and hospitalization length [MD = -2.07 days, 95% CI = -3.97 to -0.17, p = 0.03, I2 = 59%, k = 5, n = 362].

The investigators found no differences between BCAAs and controls for mortality, recurrence, other post-operative complications (liver failure, edema, pleural effusion), blood loss, quality of life, ammonia level and prothrombin time.

The investigators found no serious adverse events were related to BCAAs; however, serious adverse events were reported due to intravenous catheters. No safety concerns from observational studies were identified.

The investigators concluded that branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) supplementation during the oncological surgical period may reduce important post-operative morbidity from infections and ascites compared to controls. May reduce because the included studies were of low methodological quality. Therefore, blinded, placebo-controlled confirmatory trials of higher methodological quality are warranted, especially using oral, short-term BCAAs-enriched supplements within the context of recent ERAS programs.

Original title:
Are Supplemental Branched-Chain Amino Acids Beneficial During the Oncological Peri-Operative Period: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Cogo E, Elsayed  M, […], Papadogianis P.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7930658/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on protein and cancer right here.

Ascites is the buildup of fluid in the space around the organs in the abdomen. When ascites is caused by cancer, it is called malignant ascites.
 

Objectives:
Due to the rapid increase of primary liver cancer incidence and the poor prognosis, it is imperative to identify new modifiable factors such as diet and nutrition for the prevention of liver cancer. Diet high in saturated fatty acids (SFA) has been hypothesized to be associated with increased risk of cancers. However, the associations between dietary fatty acids and liver cancer are not consistent. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does a diet high in saturated fatty acids or cholesterol increase risk of liver cancer?

Study design:
This review article included 14 prospective cohort studies with 15,890 liver cancer cases.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found for the highest dietary saturated fat versus lowest intake, a significantly increased risk of 34% [RR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.06 to 1.69, I2 = 16.9%, n = 5] for liver cancer.

The investigators found for every increase with 1 En% saturated fat, a significantly increased risk of 4% [RR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.07, I2 = 16.8%, n = 5] for liver cancer.

The investigators found per 0.1-unit increase in ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA): saturated fat (SFA), a significantly decreased risk of 9% [RR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.86 to 0.95] for liver cancer.

The investigators found per 0.1-unit increase in ratio of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA):saturated fat (SFA), a significantly decreased risk of 6% [RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.90 to 0.97] for liver cancer.

The investigators found for every increase with 100 mg dietary cholesterol intake per day, a significantly increased risk of 16% [RR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.07, I2 = 0%, n = 2] for liver cancer.

The investigators found for the highest serum total cholesterol levels versus lowest levels, a significantly decreased risk of 58% [RR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.33 to 0.54, I2 = 90.7%, n = 7] for liver cancer.

The investigators found for the highest serum total cholesterol levels versus lowest levels, a significantly decreased risk of 61% [RR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.27 to 0.57] for liver cancer among men. 

The investigators found for the highest serum total cholesterol levels versus lowest levels, a significantly decreased risk of 69% [RR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.26 to 0.38] for liver cancer among women. 

The investigators found for every increase with 1 mmol/L in serum cholesterol level, a significantly decreased risk of 28% [RR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.69 to 0.75, I2 = 75.3%, n = 7] for liver cancer.

The investigators found for every increase with 1 mmol/L in serum HDL cholesterol level, a significantly decreased risk of 58% [RR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.27 to 0.64, I2 = 0%, n = 2] for liver cancer.

The investigators found these findings were generally robust and stable in sensitivity analyses.

The investigators concluded there is an increased risk for dietary saturated fat with liver cancer using both category and dose-response analyses. Higher ratios of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA):saturated fat (SFA) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFA):saturated fat (SFA) are associated with a lower risk of developing liver cancer. Higher serum total and HDL cholesterol are associated with a lower risk of liver cancer with high between-studies variability.

Original title:
Dietary Fats, Serum Cholesterol and Liver Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies by Zhao L, Deng C, [...], Zhang X.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8037522/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on fat and cholesterol consumption and cancer right here.

A diet high in saturated fat (unhealthy fat) is a diet with more than 10 En% saturated fat.

The easiest way to follow a diet with more than 10 En% saturated fat is to choose only products/meals that also contain more than 10 En% saturated fat. Check here which products contain more than 10 En% saturated fat.

More than 10% saturated fat means that the total amounts of saturated fat make up more than 10% of the total kcal of the diet. So a 2000 kcal diet with more than 10 En% saturated fat contains more than 22 grams of saturated fat. 22 grams of saturated fat provides 22x9 kcal = 198 kcal. 198 kcal is 10% of 2000 kcal.

However, products with more than 10 En% saturated fat are unhealthy products.

Objectives:
Does mushroom dietary intake reduce risk of cancer at any site?

Study design:
This review article included 11 case-control studies and 6 cohort studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found higher mushroom consumption significantly reduced total cancer with 34% [pooled RR for the highest compared with the lowest consumption groups = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.55 to 0.78, n = 17].

The investigators found higher mushroom consumption significantly reduced breast cancer with 35% [pooled RR for the highest compared with the lowest consumption groups = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.52 to 0.81, n = 10].

The investigators found higher mushroom consumption significantly reduced nonbreast cancer with 20% [pooled RR for the highest compared with the lowest consumption groups = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.66 to 0.97, n = 13].

The investigators found there was evidence of a significant nonlinear dose-response association between mushroom consumption and the risk of total cancer [p-nonlinearity = 0.001, n = 7].

The investigators concluded higher mushroom consumption reduces risk of cancer, particularly breast cancer.

Original title:
Higher Mushroom Consumption Is Associated with Lower Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies by Ba DM, Ssentongo P, […], Richie JP.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33724299/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on vegetables consumption and breast cancer right here.

Objectives:
Magnesium supplementation is often purported to improve sleep; however, as both an over-the-counter sleep aid and a complementary and alternative medicine, there is limited evidence to support this assertion. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does magnesium supplementation improve sleep in older adults with insomnia?

Study design:
This review article included 3 randomized control trials (RCTs), comparing oral magnesium to placebo in 151 older adults in 3 countries.

All 3 RCTs were at moderate-to-high risk of bias and outcomes were supported by low to very low quality of evidence.

Daily elemental magnesium intake ranged from 320 mg to 729 mg taken 2 to 3 times per day using 2 formulations (magnesium oxide and magnesium citrate tablets).
Duration of follow-up for outcome assessment ranged from 20 days to 8 weeks.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found pooled analysis showed that post-intervention sleep onset latency time was significantly 17.36 min less [95% CI = -27.27 to -7.44, p = 0.0006] after magnesium supplementation compared to placebo.
Significantly because the calculated p-value of = 0.0006 was less than the p-value of 0.05.

The investigators found pooled analysis showed that total sleep time improved by 16.06 min in the magnesium supplementation group but was statistically insignificant [95% CI = - 5.99 to 38.12, p = 0.15].
Insignificant because the calculated p-value of 0.15 was larger than the p-value of 0.05.

The investigators concluded that RCT evidence may support oral magnesium supplements (less than 1 g quantities given up to 3 times a day) for insomnia symptoms in older adults. May support because all 3 RCTs are at moderate-to-high risk of bias and outcomes are supported by low to very low quality of evidence.

Original title:
Oral magnesium supplementation for insomnia in older adults: a Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis by Mah J and Pitre T.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8053283/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on magnesium consumption and elderly right here.

Magnesium oxide contains 60% elemental magnesium and magnesium citrate contains 16% elemental magnesium.
So if you want to get 320 mg elemental magnesium from magnesium supplements, you have to take 534 mg magnesium oxide supplements or 2000 mg magnesium citrate.

Objectives:
Controversial results of the association between green tea consumption and risk for esophageal cancer (EC) were reported by previous meta-analysis. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does green tea consumption reduce esophageal cancer risk?

Study design:
This review article included 14 studies with a total of 5,057 esophageal cancer cases among 493,332 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in the dose-response analysis, no association for a 1 cup/d increase in green tea and esophageal cancer risk [the summary OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.95 to 1.04, I2 = 77%].

The investigators found no nonlinearity association was observed between tea consumption and risk for esophageal cancer [p = 0.71 for nonlinearity].

The investigators found in the subgroup analysis of sex, a significantly reduced risk of 21% for esophageal cancer among women for a 1 cup/d increase in green tea [summary OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.68 to 0.91, I2 = 0%].
However, this reduced risk was not found for men [summary OR for a 1 cup/d increase in green tea = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.95 to 1.11, I2 = 67%].
Significant because OR of 1 was not found in the 95% CI of 0.68 to 0.91. OR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators concluded that a 1 cup/d increase in green tea consumption reduces esophageal cancer among women. Notably, these findings might be influenced by limited studies and potential bias, such as dose of green tea assessment and select bias of case-control studies. Further larger number, prospective and well-designed larger-scale studies are needed to provide more precise evidence, especially in women and more regions (United States and Europe).

Original title:
Green tea consumption and risk for esophageal cancer: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis by Zhao H, Mei K, […], Lixia Xie L.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33744644/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on green tea consumption and cancer right here.

Objectives:
Lifestyle interventions are an important and viable approach for preventing cognitive deficits. However, the results of studies on alcohol, coffee and tea consumption in relation to cognitive decline have been divergent, likely due to confounds from dose-response effects. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does alcohol, coffee or tea consumption reduce the risk of cognitive deficits (such as dementia or Alzheimer's disease)?

Study design:
This review article included 29 prospective cohort studies from America, Japan, China and some European countries (131,777 participants for alcohol, 333,843 participants for coffee and 20,411 participants for tea).

The NOS score was 8.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found dose-response relationships showed that compared to non-drinkers, low consumption (11 g/day) of alcohol significantly reduced the risk of cognitive deficits or only dementias, but there was no significant effect of heavier drinking (>11 g/day).

The investigators found dose-response relationships showed that compared to non-drinkers, low consumption of coffee significantly reduced the risk of any cognitive deficit (2.8 cups/day) or dementia (2.3 cups/day).
However, coffee drinking was not a significant protective factor for cognitive deficits in groups of average age 60 years.

The investigators found dose-response relationships showed that compared to non-drinkers, every cup of green tea per day significantly reduced risk of cognitive deficits with 6% [relative risk = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.92 to 0.97].  

The investigators concluded that light consumption of alcohol (11 g/day) and coffee (2.8 cups/day) reduces risk of cognitive deficits. Cognitive benefits of green tea consumption increases with the daily consumption.

Original title:
Alcohol, coffee and tea intake and the risk of cognitive deficits: a dose-response meta-analysis by Ran LS, Liu WH, […], Wang W.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8061189/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on alcohol, coffee and tea consumption and dementia right here.

Objectives:
The etiology of cancer type may vary significantly due to anatomy, embryology and physiology of the cancer site. Although the association between potato consumption and colorectal cancer (CRC) was summarized in a 2018 meta-analysis of 5 cohort studies, however, no meta-analysis has evaluated potato consumption in relation to multiple cancer sites in adults. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do potato intakes increase multiple cancer sites risk?

Study design:
This review article included 20 prospective cohort studies (with a total of 785,348 participants, of which 19,882 incident cases (persons with cancer)) and 36 case-control studies ( with a total of 21,822 cases (persons with cancer) and 66,502 controls (persons without cancer)).

Certainty of the evidence was low for total cancer, colorectal cancer, colon, rectal, renal, pancreatic, breast, prostate and lung cancer and very low for gastric and bladder cancer.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found among cohort studies, no association between high versus low intake of total potato (white and yellow) consumption and overall cancers [RR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.96 to 1.11, tau2 = 0.005, n = 18].

The investigators found no relation between total potato consumption (high compared with low intake) and risk of colorectal, pancreatic, colon, gastric, breast, prostate, kidney, lung or bladder cancer in cohort or case-control studies.

The investigators found no association between high versus low consumption of potato preparations (boiled/fried/mashed/roasted/baked) and risk of gastrointestinal-, sex-hormone-, or urinary-related cancers in cohort or case-control studies.

The investigators concluded that potato intakes or potato preparations are not associated with multiple cancer sites when comparing high and low intake categories. This finding is consistent with the findings from the 2018 meta-analysis regarding potato intake and risk of colorectal cancer.

Original title:
Potato Consumption and Risk of Site-Specific Cancers in Adults: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies by Mofrad MD, Mozaffari H, […], Azadbakht L.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33861304/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on potato consumption and cancer right here.

Objectives:
Do magnesium intakes reduce risk of all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality?

Study design:
This review article included 19 prospective cohort studies with a total of 1,168,756 participants (52,378 deaths from all causes (all-cause mortality), 23,478 from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 11,408 from cancer).
The follow-up period was 3.5 to 32 years.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found dietary magnesium intake was significantly associated with a lower risk of 13% for all-cause mortality [pooled effect size (ES) = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.79 to 0.97, p = 0.009, I2 = 70.7%, p 0.001].

The investigators found dietary magnesium intake was significantly associated with a lower risk of 20% for cancer mortality [pooled ES = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.67 to 0.97, p = 0.023, I2 = 55.7%, p = 0.027].

The investigators found for supplemental and total magnesium intakes, no significant associations with risks of all-cause, cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality.

The investigators found, however, linear dose-response meta-analysis indicated that each additional intake of 100 mg/d of dietary magnesium was significantly associated with a 6% and 5% reduced risk of all-cause and cancer mortality, respectively.

The investigators concluded that higher intake of dietary magnesium (at least 100 mg/d of dietary magnesium) is associated with a reduced risk of all-cause and cancer mortality, but not cardiovascular disease mortality. Supplemental and total magnesium intakes are not associated with the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality. These findings indicate that consumption of magnesium from dietary sources may be beneficial in reducing all-cause and cancer mortality and thus have practical importance for public health.  

Original title:
Total, Dietary, and Supplemental Magnesium Intakes and Risk of All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies by Bagheri A, Naghshi S, […], Esmaillzadeh A.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33684200/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on magnesium consumption, cardiovascular disease and cancer right here.

Objectives:
Previous population studies on the associations between dietary fatty acids (FAs), plasma FAs levels and the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have yielded inconclusive results. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Do higher dietary fatty acids (EPA and DHA) intakes or higher plasma fatty acids levels reduce risk of age-related macular degeneration?

Study design:
This review article included 11 prospective cohort studies with 167,581 participants. During the follow-up periods (ranging from 3 to 28 years), 6,318 cases of age-related macular degeneration were recorded.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that each 1 g/day increment of dietary intake of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosatetraenoic acid (EPA) combined significantly reduced risk of early age-related macular degeneration with 33% [RR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.51 to 0.88].
Significantly means that there is an association with a 95% confidence.

The investigators found that each 1 g/day increment of dietary intake of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) significantly reduced risk of early age-related macular degeneration with 50% [RR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.32 to 0.78].
Significantly means it can be said with a 95% confidence that each 1 g/day increment of dietary intake of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) really reduces risk of early age-related macular degeneration with 50%.

The investigators found that each 1 g/day increment of dietary intake of eicosatetraenoic acid (EPA) significantly reduced risk of early age-related macular degeneration with 60% [RR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.18 to 0.87].
Significantly because RR of 1 was not found in the 95% CI of 0.18 to 0.87. RR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators found that higher plasma docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels significantly reduced risk of advanced age-related macular degeneration with 28% [RR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.55 to 0.95].

The investigators found that higher plasma eicosatetraenoic acid (EPA) levels significantly reduced risk of advanced age-related macular degeneration with 43% [RR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.40 to 0.81].

The investigators concluded that 1 g/day of dietary intake DHA and 1 g/day of dietary intake EPA and higher plasma DHA and EPA levels are associated with a reduced risk of age-related macular degeneration.

Original title:
Dietary fatty acid intake, plasma fatty acid levels, and the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD): a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies by Zhong Y, Wang K, [...], Yao K.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33469697/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on EPA en DHA and elderly right here.

A high plasma EPA and DHA content can be obtained by eating a lot of oily fish and/or by taking EPA and DHA supplements (fish oil supplements).
Oily fish contains more EPA and DHA than non-oily fish.

Early age-related macular degeneration: most people do not experience adverse symptoms or vision loss in the early stage of age-related macular degeneration, but night vision problems are often reported. Though no pigmentary abnormalities are apparent upon examination, medium-sized drusen (>63 μm and ≤125 μm) are present.