Nutritional advice

Objectives:
The objective of this review article is to determine the effectiveness and harms of vaccination in patients with any sexual history to prevent the prevalence of papillomavirus infection.

Study design:
This review article included 29 studies described in 35 publications.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found bivalent HPV vaccine offered protection against:
-HPV16 [RD = -0.05, 95% CI = -0.098 to -0.0032, I2 = 99%];
-HPV18 [RD = -0.03, 95% CI = -0.062 to -0.0004, I2 = 98%] and;
-HPV16/18 genotypes [RD = -0.1, 95% CI = -0.16 to -0.04, I2 = 99%].
It was consistent with 4 years for HPV16 and HPV18 genotypes.

The investigators found tetravalent HPV vaccine offered protection against:
-HPV6 [RD = -0.0500, 95% CI = -0.0963 to -0.0230, I2 = 66.8%];
-HPV11 [RD = -0.0198, 95% CI = -0.0310 to -0.0085, I2 = 0%].
-HPV16 [RD = -0.0608, 95% CI = -0.1126 to -0.0091, I2 = 76.4%] and;
-HPV18 [RD = -0.0200, 95% CI = -0.0408 to -0.0123, I2 = 34%].
It was consistent at 4 years for HPV6, HPV11, HPV16 and HPV18.

The investigators concluded there is a reduction in the prevalence of HPV16, 18 and 16/18 genotypes when applying the bivalent HPV vaccine, with no increase in adverse effects. Regarding the tetravalent HPV vaccine, there is a reduction in the prevalence of HPV6, 11, 16 and 18 genotypes, with no increase in adverse effects.

Original title:
The effectiveness of vaccination to prevent the papillomavirus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis by García-Perdomo HA, Osorio JC, […], Castillo A.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6518793/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on food fortification/malnutrition and vaccination right here.

Papillomaviruses (HPVs) are double-stranded DNA viruses that affect epithelial cells. More than 100 strains of HPV have been detected. Approximately 40 strains are known to infect genital mucosa, of which about 15 strains are known to cause cancer. HPV types 16 and 18 are the most common cancer-causing strains, leading to about 70% of all cervical cancer cases worldwide. HPV types 6 and 11 are associated with about 90% of all cases of genital warts.

Objectives:
A high intake of dietary fibre has been associated with a reduced risk of diverticular disease in several studies. However, the dose-response relationship between fibre intake and diverticular disease risk has varied and the available studies have not been summarised in a meta-analysis yet. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Is there a dose-response relationship between fibre intake and reduced risk of diverticular disease?

Study design:
This review article included 5 prospective cohort studies with 19,282 cases (persons with a diverticular disease) and 865,829 participants.

There was no evidence of publication bias with Egger's test, p = 0.58.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found every 10 g/day increase of dietary fibre intake significantly reduced risk of diverticular disease with 26% [summary RR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.71-0.78, I2 = 0%]. This significantly reduced risk persisted in subgroup and sensitivity analyses.

The investigators found no evidence of a nonlinear association between dietary fibre intake and diverticular disease risk [p nonlinearity = 0.35].

The investigators found compared to 7.5 g/day, 20 g/day of dietary fibre intake significantly reduced risk of diverticular disease with 23%.

The investigators found compared to 7.5 g/day, 30 g/day of dietary fibre intake significantly reduced risk of diverticular disease with 41%.

The investigators found compared to 7.5 g/day, 40 g/day of dietary fibre intake significantly reduced risk of diverticular disease with 58%.

The investigators found every 10 g/day increase of dietary cereal fibre intake significantly reduced risk of diverticular disease with 26% [summary RR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.67-0.81, I2 = 60%, n = 4].

The investigators found every 10 g/day increase of dietary fruit fibre intake significantly reduced risk of diverticular disease with 44% [summary RR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.37-0.84, I2 = 73%, n = 2].

The investigators found every 10 g/day increase of dietary vegetable fibre intake non-significantly reduced risk of diverticular disease with 20% [summary RR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.45-0.1.44, I2 = 87%, n = 2].

The investigators concluded that 10-40 g/day dietary fiber intake, particularly cereal and fruit fibre reduces risk of diverticular disease. However, further studies are needed on fibre types and risk of diverticular disease and diverticulitis.

Original title:
Dietary fibre intake and the risk of diverticular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies by Aune D, Sen A, […], Riboli E.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31037341

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Find here more information/studies about chronic disease and fibre intake.

40 grams of fiber per day corresponds to a diet with 2 grams of fiber per 100 kcal. The easiest way to follow a diet with 2 grams of fiber per 100 kcal is to choose only products/meals with 2 grams of fiber per 100 kcal. Check here which products/meals provide 2 grams of fiber per 100 kcal.

Diverticular disease is the general name for a common condition that causes small bulges (diverticula) or sacs to form in the wall of the large intestine (colon). Although these sacs can form anywhere in the colon, they are most common in the sigmoid colon (part of the large intestine closest to the rectum). The recent literature does not identify diverticular disease as a long-term risk factor for colorectal cancer.
 

Objectives:
Anemia is one of the major complications in predialysis patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A clearer cognition of the prognostic impact of hemoglobin (Hb) or hematocrit (Hct) target on the outcomes of predialysis patients with CKD is significant. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does higher hemoglobin levels decrease transfusion risk in predialysis patients with CKD?

Study design:
This review article included 13 RCTs involving 7,606 patients.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found compared to lower hemoglobin levels, predialysis patients with chronic kidney disease with higher hemoglobin levels had a significantly lower risk of 49% for transfusion [risk ratio = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.52 to 0.67, p 0.00001].

The investigators found, however, no significant difference in all-cause mortality [RR = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.98 to 1.23, p = 0.11], stroke [RR = 1.32, 95% CI = 0.82 to 2.10, p = 0.25] and treatment of renal replacement including hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and renal transplant [RR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.95 to 1.22, p = 0.23] between the higher hemoglobin group and the lower one.

The investigators concluded higher hemoglobin levels when treating predialysis patients with chronic kidney disease decrease the risk of transfusion without increasing the risk of death, stroke and treatment of renal replacement.

Original title:
Therapeutic targets for the anemia of predialysis chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials by Liu H, Ye Y, […], Liu X.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30755495

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Objectives:
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination has been proven to effectively protect against HPV infection and infection-associated cancer. However, there are concerns about the relationship between HPV vaccination and the risk of autoimmune disorders (ADs). Therefore, this review article has been conducted.  

Does human papillomavirus vaccination increase risk of autoimmune disorders?

Study design:
This review article included in total 12 cohort studies, 6 case-control studies and 2 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving more than 169,000 autoimmune disorders events.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that human papillomavirus vaccination was not associated with an increased risk of subsequent autoimmune disorders [OR = 1.003, 95% CI = 0.95-1.06],
Most of the subgroup analysis results based on the location or type of autoimmune disorders were consistent with the overall results.

The investigators found, however, that human papillomavirus vaccination significantly reduced risk of autoimmune disorders with 18% [OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.7-0.96] among those with prior autoimmune disorders.

The investigators concluded that human papillomavirus vaccination is not associated with an increased risk of autoimmune disorders. However, given the low number of estimates for individual autoimmune disorder, additional and larger observational studies are needed to verify these findings.

Original title:
Human papillomavirus vaccination and the risk of autoimmune disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Jiang HY, Shi YD, […], Ruan B.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31036452

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Objectives:
Results from earlier publications on the association of coffee and caffeine and risk of ovarian cancer are inconsistent. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Is there an association between coffee and caffeine consumption and risk of ovarian cancer among women?

Study design:
This review article included 22 case-control studies with a total of 40,140 participants, of which 8,568 patients with ovarian cancer. The participants were ≥ 17 years.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found combining 21 effect sizes from 18 studies, no significant association was observed between total coffee consumption and risk of ovarian cancer [OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.94 to 1.26].

The investigators found no significant association between total caffeine intake and ovarian cancer risk [OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.55 to 1.45].

The investigators found, in addition, caffeinated coffee intake was not significantly associated with ovarian cancer risk [OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.87 to 1.28].

The investigators found, however, combining effect sizes from 5 studies, an inverse significant association between decaffeinated coffee intake and risk of ovarian cancer [OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.58 to 0.90].

The investigators concluded decaffeinated coffee consumption could reduce risk of ovarian cancer among women. Could reduce because this review article only included case-control studies and no cohort studies.

Original title:
Coffee and caffeine intake and risk of ovarian cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Shafiei F, Salari-Moghaddam A , […], Esmaillzadeh A.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30833443

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Find more information/studies on coffee consumption, review article/significantly and cancer right here.
 

Objectives:
Several epidemiological studies have investigated the association between dietary fat intake and cardiovascular disease. However, dietary recommendations based on systematic review and meta-analysis might be more credible. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does dietary fat intake increase cardiovascular disease risk?

Study design:
This review article included 56 cohort studies.
Egger test showed no evidence of significant publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found highest versus lowest levels of total dietary fat were not associated with cardiovascular disease risk [RR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.93-1.01, I2 = 54.0%].
Sensitivity analysis showed that no individual study had an excessive influence on the pooled effect.
In addition, the analysis was repeated stratified according to each covariate. The results were consistent with that observed in meta-regression.

The investigators found highest versus lowest levels of dietary trans fatty acids intake were associated with a 14% increase of the risk of cardiovascular disease [RR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.08-1.21, I2 = 26.1%].
Sensitivity analysis showed that no individual study had an excessive influence on the pooled effect.

The investigators found dose-response analysis showed the risk of cardiovascular disease significantly increased with 16% [RR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.07-1.25, p-linearity = 0.033] for an increment of 2% energy/day (2 En%/day) of dietary trans fatty acids intake.

The investigators found highest versus lowest levels of dietary saturated fatty acids intake were not associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease [RR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.93-1.02, I2 = 56.8%].
Sensitivity analysis showed that no individual study had an excessive influence on the pooled effect
In addition, the analysis was repeated stratified according to each covariate. The results were consistent with that observed in meta-regression.

The investigators found highest versus lowest levels of dietary monounsaturated fatty acids intake were not associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease [RR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.93-1.01, I2 = 50.3%].
Sensitivity analysis showed that no individual study had an excessive influence on the pooled effect.
In addition, the analysis was repeated stratified according to each covariate. The results were consistent with that observed in meta-regression.

The investigators found highest versus lowest levels of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids intake were not associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease [RR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.93-1.004, I2 = 55.8%].
Sensitivity analysis showed that no individual study had an excessive influence on the pooled effect.
In addition, the analysis was repeated stratified according to each covariate. The results were consistent with that observed in meta-regression.

The investigators found in studies that has been followed up more than 10 years, that dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids intake significantly reduced cardiovascular disease risk with 5% [RR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.91-0.99, I2 = 62.4%].

The investigators concluded there is a cardio-protective effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids intake in studies that has been followed up more than 10 years. While, an increment of 2% energy/day (2 En%/day) of dietary trans fatty acids intake increases risk of cardiovascular disease.

Original title:
Dietary total fat, fatty acids intake, and risk of cardiovascular disease: a dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies by Zhu Y, Bo Y and Liu Y.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6451787/

Additional information of El Mondo:
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Objectives:
The goal of this review article is to identify as well as quantify the effect of vitamin A fortified food on serum vitamin A concentration among children under 10 year.

Study design:
This review article included 14 RCTs covering 6,153 children with duration of feeding for the fortified foods ranged between 3 and 12 months.  
A random effects model was applied to compute the pooled effect size of effect of serum retinol.
Meta regression was performed to detect the sources of heterogeneity and moderator variables on the study effect.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found consumption of vitamin A fortified foods resulted in an increased concentration of retinol in children [SMD = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.16 to 0.78, I2 = 97%, p 0.01].

The investigators concluded that consumption of vitamin A fortified foods results in an increased concentration of retinol and thereby results in reduction of vitamin A deficiency among children under 10 year.

Original title:
Systematic review and meta-analysis approach on vitamin A fortified foods and its effect on retinol concentration in under 10 year children by Mendu VVR, Nair KPM and Athe R.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30904212

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Objectives:
Various mechanisms link higher total homocysteine to higher insulin resistance and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Folate supplementation is recognized as a way to lower homocysteine. However, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) show inconsistent results on insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes outcomes. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does folate supplementation improve insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes outcomes?

Study design:
This review article included 29 RCTs (22,250 participants) that assessed the effect of placebo-controlled folate supplementation alone or in combination with other B vitamins on fasting glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) or risk of type 2 diabetes.

The meta-analysis was conducted using both random- and fixed-effects models to calculate weighted mean differences (WMDs) or risk ratios with 95% CIs.
Heterogeneity was low in all meta-analyses.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found when compared with placebo, folate supplementation significantly lowered fasting insulin [WMD = -13.47 pmol/L, 95% CI = -21.41 to -5.53 pmol/L, p 0.001] and HOMA-IR [WMD = -0.57 units, 95% CI = -0.76 to -0.37 units, p 0.0001], but no overall effects were observed for fasting glucose or HbA1c.

The investigators found subgroup analysis showed no signs of effect modification except for change in homocysteine, with the most pronounced effects in trials with a change of >2.5 µmol/L.
Changes in homocysteine after folate supplementation correlated with changes in fasting glucose [β = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.14, p = 0.025] and HbA1c [β = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.06 to 0.85, p = 0.02].

The investigators found only 2 studies examined folate supplementation on risk of type 2 diabetes and they found no change in RR [pooled RR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.80 to 1.04, p = 0.16].

The investigators concluded that folate supplementation lowers fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. However, folate supplementation does not reduce risk of type 2 diabetes.

Original title:
Effect of folate supplementation on insulin sensitivity and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Lind MV, Lauritzen L, [...], Eriksen JN.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30615110

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on diabetes and folate (also called folic acid) right here.
 

Objectives:
Is there a relationship between the intake of foods (whole grains, refined grains, vegetables, fruit, nuts, legumes, eggs, dairy, fish, red meat, processed meat and sugar-sweetened beverages) and risk of general overweight/obesity, abdominal obesity and weight gain?

Study design:
This review article included 25 prospective cohort studies until August 2018.
In detail, 6 prospective cohort studies were included in the meta-analysis for consumption of whole grains, 4 studies for refined grains, 7 for vegetables, 6 for fruit, 4 for nuts, 2 for legumes, 2 for eggs, 11 for dairy products, 4 for fish, 4 for red meat, 2 for processed meat and 9 for sugar-sweetened beverages.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in the dose-response meta-analysis a significantly reduced risk of 7% per each increase of 30g/d whole-grain products [RR overweight/obesity = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.89 to 0.96, I2 = 0%].
There was no indication for a nonlinear association between whole-grain intake and risk of overweight/obesity [p-nonlinearity = 0.16].

The investigators found in the dose-response meta-analysis a significantly reduced risk of 7-9% per each increase of 100g/d fruit consumption [RR overweight/obesity = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.86 to 1.00, I2 = 89% and RR weight gain = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.86 to 0.97, I2 =7%].
There was no indication of a nonlinear relation [p-nonlinearity = 0.17, p-nonlinearity = 0.14, respectively].

The investigators found in the dose-response meta-analysis a significantly reduced risk of 58% per each increase of 28g/d nut consumption [RR abdominal obesity = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.31 to 0.57].

The investigators found in the dose-response meta-analysis a significantly reduced risk of 12% per each increase of 50g/d legume consumption [RR overweight/obesity = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.93].

The investigators found in the dose-response meta-analysis a significantly reduced risk of 17% per each increase of 100g/d fish consumption [RR abdominal obesity = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.71 to 0.97, I2 = 0%].
There was no indication of nonlinearity [p-nonlinearity = 0.07], but the graph indicated a stronger risk reduction at lower levels of fish intake and the curve reached a plateau at ∼40 g/d.

The investigators found in the dose-response meta-analysis a significantly increased risk of 5% per each increase of 30g/d refined grains consumption [RR overweight/obesity = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.10, I2 = 61%].
However, the nonlinear dose-response meta-analysis indicated that the association had a J-shape curve and a higher risk of overweight/obesity was identified for an intake of refined grains >90 g/d [p-nonlinearity 0.001].

The investigators found in the dose-response meta-analysis a significantly increased risk of 10-14% per each increase of 30g/d red meat consumption [RR abdominal obesity = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.16, I2 = 0% and RR weight gain = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.26].

The investigators found in the dose-response meta-analysis a significantly increased risk of 5-12% with each increase of 250 mL sugar-sweetened beverages per day consumption [RR overweight/obesity = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.11 and RR abdominal obesity = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.20, I2 = 38%].  
The increase in risk was stronger at lower amounts of sugar-sweetened beverages intake (until ∼300 mL/d), but an increase at higher intakes was still present [p-nonlinearity = 0.03].

The investigators found the intake of 5 servings of whole grains/d, 3 servings of vegetables/d and 3 servings of fruit/d significantly resulted in a 38% reduction in risk of overweight/obesity compared with non-consumption of these food groups.

The investigators found the intake of 5 servings of refined grains/d and 3 servings of sugar-sweetened beverages/d significantly resulted in a 59% increased risk of overweight/obesity.

The investigators concluded that high intakes of whole grains, vegetables, fruit and probably fish as well as a low intake of refined grains, red meat and sugar-sweetened beverages are associated with a reduced risk of measures of adiposity, including overweight/obesity, abdominal obesity or weight gain, respectively. These findings are in line with current public health recommendations regarding a health-promoting diet. However, with the current evidence rated as very low to low, findings should be interpreted with caution and better-designed observational studies, more evidence from intervention trials and use of novel statistical methods (e.g., substitution analyses or network meta-analyses) are needed.

Original title:
Food Groups and Risk of Overweight, Obesity, and Weight Gain: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies by Schlesinger S, Neuenschwander M, […], Schwingshackl BH.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6416048/

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Objectives:
Current research suggests conflicting evidence surrounding the association between serum magnesium levels and the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does serum magnesium deficiency increase risk of ADHD?

Study design:
This review article included 7 observational studies, which reported the mean and standard deviation (SD) of magnesium concentration in both ADHD and control groups.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found random-effects meta-analysis showed that subjects with ADHD had 0.105 mmol/L [95% CI = -0.188 to -0.022, p 0.013, I2 = 96.2%, p = 0.0103] lower serum magnesium levels compared with to their healthy controls.

The investigators concluded this meta-analysis supports the theory that an inverse relationship between serum magnesium deficiency and ADHD exists. High heterogeneity amongst the included studies suggests that there is a residual need for observational and community-based studies to further investigate this issue.

Original title:
Magnesium status and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analysis by Effatpanah M, Rezaei M, […], Hashemi R.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30807974

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Objectives:
No conclusive information is available about the association between dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) and risk of mortality. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) reduce risk of death from all-cause (all-cause mortality), cancer (cancer mortality) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs mortality)?

Study design:
This review article included 5 prospective cohort studies with a follow-up period of 4.3-16.5 years. There were 38,449 deaths from all-cause, 4,470 from cancer and 2,841 from cardiovascular diseases among 226,297 individuals.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found dietary total antioxidant capacity significantly reduced all-cause mortality with 38% [combined effect size = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.60-0.64].
Significant because combined effect size of 1 was not found in the 95% CI of 0.60 to 0.64. Combined effect size of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators found dietary total antioxidant capacity significantly reduced cancer mortality with 19% [combined effect size = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.75-0.88].
Significant means that there is an association with a 95% confidence.

The investigators found dietary total antioxidant capacity significantly reduced cardiovascular diseases mortality with 29% [combined effect size = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.63-0.82].

The investigators found findings from linear dose-response meta-analysis revealed that a 5 mmol/day increment in dietary total antioxidant capacity based on ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) was associated with 7% and 15% lower risk of all-cause mortality, respectively.

The investigators found findings from non-linear dose-response meta-analysis showed a significant reduction in risk of all-cause mortality when increasing ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) from 2 to 12 mmol/day [p-nonlinearity = 0.002] and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) from 5 to 11 mmol/day [p-nonlinearity  0.001].

The investigators concluded a diet with high total antioxidant capacity decreases risk of death from all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular diseases.

Original title:
Dietary total antioxidant capacity and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease and cancer: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies by Parohan M, Anjom-Shoae J, […], Sadeghi O

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30756144

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The easiest way to get enough antioxidants from food is to eat at least 200 grams of vegetables and at least 200 grams of fruit per day.

There exist different methods to measure the antioxidant capacity of foods: Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC), Ferric Ion Reducing Power (FRAP) and Trolox Equivalence Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC). The most popular method is the ORAC determination, which was developed by the National Institutes of Health in Baltimore.

The USDA recommends an ORAC unit ingestion of about 3000 to 5000 units daily.

Objectives:
Do omega-3 fatty acids in fish consumption reduce risk of breast cancer in Asian patients?

Study design:
This review article included 4 cohort studies and 7 case-control studies with a total of 130,365 Asian patients.

There was not any study with significant publication bias included.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found omega-3 fatty acids in fish consumption significantly reduced risk of  breast cancer in Asian patients with 20% [OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.73-0.87, p 0.00001].
Significant because OR of 1 was not found in the 95% CI of 0.73 to 0.87. OR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators concluded omega-3 fatty acids in fish consumption reduce breast cancer risk in Asian patients.

Original title:
Protective Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Fish Consumption Against Breast Cancer in Asian Patients: A Meta-Analysis by Nindrea RD, Aryandono T, […], Dwiprahasto I.

Link:
http://journal.waocp.org/?sid=Entrez:PubMed&id=pmid:30803190&key=2019.20.2.327

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Fish containing omega-3 fatty acids are salmon, mackerel, herring, lake trout, bluefin tuna, sturgeon, sablefish, anchovy, albacore tuna, whitefish, arctic char, sardines, bluefish, mullet, halibut, striped bass, mahi mahi, pollock, rockfish, rainbow trout, shark, catfish, carp, cod, flounder, grouper, haddock, ocean perch, red snapper, swordfish, pike, sole and tilapia.

Objectives:
Several studies have been conducted on the effects of peanut consumption on cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk factors. However, the findings are conflicting and appear inconsistent. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does peanut consumption reduce cardiovascular disease risk?

Study design:
This review article included 13 RCTs.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found peanuts consumption had no significant effect on:
-weight [WMD = -0.11 kg, p = 0.773];
-waist circumference [WMD = -1.41 cm, p = 0.139];
-body mass index [WMD = -0.14 kg/m², p = 0.428];

-systolic and diastolic blood pressure [WMD = -0.09 mmHg, p = 0.939 and WMD = 0.60 mmHg, p = 0.652, respectively];
-low-density lipoprotein (LDL or bad) cholesterol [WMD = -3.31 mg/dL, p = 0.472];
-triglyceride [WMD = -7.59 mg/dL, p = 0.180];
-total cholesterol [WMD = 3.15 mg/dL, p = 0.171];
-fasting blood sugar [WMD = 0.57 mg/dL, p = 0.604] and;
-serum insulin [WMD = -0.40, p = 0.582].

The investigators found peanuts consumption had a positive significant effect on high-density lipoprotein (HDL or good) cholesterol [WMD = 2.72 mg/dL, p = 0.001].
Significant because the calculated p-value of 0.001 was smaller than the p-value of 0.05.

The investigators found peanut consumption had a positive significant effect on HDL cholesterol, especially at the type of peanut oil, high-oleic peanut and peanut sprout and in healthy subjects and for consumption more than 12 weeks, while had no significant effect on other cardiovascular diseases risk factors.

The investigators concluded both high-oleic peanut and peanut sprout consumption during at least 12 weeks increases HDL cholesterol (good cholesterol) in healthy subjects.

Original title:
Peanut and cardiovascular disease risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Jafari Azad B, Daneshzad E and Azadbakht L.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30638042

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Objectives:
Without pregnancy-specific protection, an estimated 45% of 32 million pregnancies in malaria-endemic sub-Saharan Africa are exposed to Plasmodium falciparum malaria yearly, leading to 900,000 malaria-associated low birthweight deliveries and associated consequences for infant health. In these areas, WHO recommends intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) with antimalarials. IPTp with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, the only antimalarial currently recommended for this strategy, is associated with major reductions in maternal anaemia, low birthweight and neonatal mortality. However, the effectiveness of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine IPTp is threatened by resistance to this drug combination, particularly in east and southern Africa. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

The goal of this review article is to assess the associations between markers of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in P falciparum and the effectiveness of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy (IPTp) for malaria-associated outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa.

Study design:
This review article included 57 clinical studies, with a total of 59,457 births.

A random-effects meta-analysis (clinical studies) or multivariate log-binomial regression (surveys) was carried out to obtain summarised dose-response data (relative risk reduction (RRR) [RRR = 100 × [1 – relative risk]) and multivariate meta-regression was carried out to explore the modifying effects of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance (as indicated by Ala437Gly, Lys540Glu and Ala581Gly substitutions in the dhps gene).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found relative risk reduction for low birthweight (2.5 kg) declined with increasing prevalence of dhps Lys540Glu [p trend = 0.0060] but not Ala437Gly [p trend = 0.35].

The investigators found relative risk reduction was:
7% [95% CI = 0 to 13] in areas of high resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (Lys540Glu ≥90% in east and southern Africa, n = 11];
21% [95% CI = 14 to 29] in moderate-resistance areas (Ala437Gly ≥90% [central and west Africa] or Lys540Glu ≥30% to 90% [east and southern Africa], n = 16) and 27% (21 to 33) in low-resistance areas (Ala437Gly 90% [central and west Africa] or Lys540Glu 30% [east and southern Africa],  n = 30, p trend = 0.0054 [univariate], I2 = 69.5%].

The investigators found overall relative risk reduction in all resistance strata was 21% [95% CI = 17 to 25].

The investigators found in the analysis of individual participant data from 13 surveys (42,394 births) sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy (IPTp) was associated with reduced prevalence of low birthweight in areas with a Lys540Glu prevalence of more than 90% and Ala581Gly prevalence of less than 10% [relative risk reduction = 10%, 95% CI = 7 to 12].
However, not in those with an Ala581Gly prevalence of 10% or higher [pooled Ala581Gly prevalence 37%, 95% CI = 29 to 46, relative risk reduction = 0.5%, 95% CI = -16 to 14; 2,326 births].

The investigators concluded the effectiveness of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy (IPTp) is reduced in areas with high resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine among P falciparum parasites, but remains associated with reductions in low birthweight even in areas where dhps Lys540Glu prevalence exceeds 90% but where the sextuple-mutant parasite (harbouring the additional dhps Ala581Gly mutation) is uncommon.
However, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy (IPTp) is not likely to reduce malaria and malaria-associated low birthweight in areas where the prevalence of sextuple-mutant parasites, with the dhps Ala581Gly mutation, exceed 37% (the pooled estimate in the high-resistance areas). For these areas, the search for alternative strategies or drugs to replace sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine IPTp is a pressing research priority for the control of malaria in pregnancy.

Original title:
Effect of Plasmodium falciparum sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance on the effectiveness of intermittent preventive therapy for malaria in pregnancy in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis by van Eijk AM, Larsen DA, […], Ter Kuile FO.

Link:
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(18)30732-1/fulltext

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on food fortification/malnutrition and malaria right here.

Intermittent preventive therapy or intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) is a public health intervention aimed at treating and preventing malaria episodes in infants (IPTi), children (IPTc), schoolchildren (IPTsc) and pregnant women (IPTp).

Objectives:
Studies have shown that creatine supplementation increases intramuscular creatine concentrations, favoring the energy system of phosphagens, which may help explain the observed improvements in high-intensity exercise performance. However, research on physical performance in soccer has shown controversial results, in part because the energy system used is not taken into account. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does creatine supplementation improve physical performance in soccer players?

Study design:
This review article included 9 RCTs with a total sample of 168 soccer players (118 males, 50 females) with an average age of 20.3 ± 2.0 years (from 15 to 30 years, as an average for the experimental sample).

The meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model and pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) (Hedges's g).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that creatine supplementation did not present beneficial effects on aerobic performance tests [SMD = -0.05, 95% CI = -0.37 to 0.28, p = 0.78] and phosphagen metabolism performance tests (strength, single jump, single sprint and agility tests: SMD = 0.21, 95% CI = -0.03 to 0.45, p = 0.08].

The investigators found, however, creatine supplementation showed beneficial effects on anaerobic performance tests [SMD = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.55 to 1.91, p 0.001].
Concretely, creatine supplementation demonstrated a large and significant effect on Wingate test performance [SMD = 2.26, 95% CI = 1.40 to 3.11, p 0.001].

The investigators concluded creatine supplementation with a loading dose of 20-30 g/day, divided 3-4 times per day, ingested for 6 to 7 days and followed by 5 g/day for 9 weeks or with a low dose of 3 mg/kg/day for 14 days presents positive effects on improving physical performance tests related to anaerobic metabolism, especially anaerobic power, in soccer players.

Original title:
Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Athletic Performance in Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Mielgo-Ayuso J, Calleja-Gonzalez J, […], Fernández-Lázaro D.

Link:
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/4/757/htm

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about sport nutrition and creatine.

Objectives:
Malaria clinical outcomes vary by erythrocyte characteristics, including ABO blood group, but the effect of ABO blood group on asymptomatic, uncomplicated and placental Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) infection remains unclear. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

What are the effects of ABO blood group on asymptomatic, uncomplicated and placental Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) infection (malaria infection) in the published literature?

Study design:
This review article included 42 for systematic review and 37 for meta-analysis. Most studies (n = 30) were cross-sectional, 7 were prospective cohort and 5 were case-control studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found meta-analysis showed similar odds of uncomplicated P. falciparum infection among individuals with blood group A [summary OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.81-1.12, I2 43.5%, 15 studies], B [summary OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.72-1.06, I2 = 57.8%, 15 studies], AB [summary OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.59-1.10, I2 = 48.0%, 10 studies] and non-O [summary OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.81-1.09, I2 = 55.3%, 17 studies] as compared to those with blood group O.

The investigators found meta-analysis of 4 cohort studies also showed similar risk of uncomplicated P. falciparum infection among individuals with blood group non-O and those with blood group O [summary relative risk = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.84-1.22, I2 = 57.3%].

The investigators found meta-analysis of 6 studies showed similar odds of asymptomatic P. falciparum infection among individuals with blood group A [OR = OR 1.05, 95% CI = 0.84-1.27, I2 = 0.0%], B [OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.82-1.24, I2 = 22.2%], AB [OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.82-1.64, I2 = 0.0%] and non-O [OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.90-1.24, I2 = 23.1%] when compared to those with blood group O.
However, odds of active placental P. falciparum infection was significantly lower in primiparous women with non-O blood groups [OR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.23-0.69, I2 = 0.0%, 3 studies], particularly in those with blood group A [OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.003-0.82, I2 = 1.4%, 4 studies] than those with blood group O.

The investigators concluded that ABO blood group does not affect susceptibility to asymptomatic and/or uncomplicated P. falciparum infection. However, blood group O primiparous women are more susceptible to active placental P. falciparum infection.

Original title:
Effect of ABO blood group on asymptomatic, uncomplicated and placental Plasmodium falciparum infection: systematic review and meta-analysis by Degarege A, Gebrezgi MT, […], Madhivanan P.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6346527/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on food fortification/malnutrition and malaria right here.

Objectives:
The threshold for population-level optimal red blood cell (RBC) folate concentration among women of reproductive age for the prevention of neural tube defects has been estimated at 906 nmol/L. However, the dose-response relationship between folic acid intake and blood folate concentrations is uncharacterized. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Is there dose-response relationship between folic acid intake and blood folate concentrations?

Study design:
This review article included 23 articles for red blood cell folate and by 97 articles for serum/plasma folate.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in 17 studies red blood cell (RBC) folate concentration increased 1.78 fold [95% CI = 1.66 to 1.93] from baseline to steady-state at 375-570 µg folic acid/day and it took a median of 36 weeks of folic acid intake [95% CI = 27 to 52] to achieve steady-state red blood cell folate concentrations.

The investigators found for every 100 µg/day folic acid intake, serum/plasma folate concentrations increased 11.6% [95% CI = 8.4 to 14.9] from baseline to steady-state, over a median of 13 weeks [95% CI = 10 to 16].

The investigators concluded that there is a dose-response relationship between folic acid intake and changes in blood folate concentrations. At 375-570 µg folic acid/day, red blood cell folate concentrations increase 1.78 fold from baseline to steady-state, over a median of 36 weeks. For every 100 µg/day folic acid intake, serum/plasma folate concentrations increase 11.6% from baseline to steady-state, over a median of 13 weeks. These results can inform how much additional folic acid intake is needed among populations of women whose red blood cell folate concentrations are below the optimal threshold.

Original title:
Systematic Review and Bayesian Meta-analysis of the Dose-response Relationship between Folic Acid Intake and Changes in Blood Folate Concentrations by Crider KS, Devine O, […], Berry RJ.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6356991/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about pregnancy and folaat (also called folic acid).
 

Objectives:
Although the relationship between dietary intake and serum levels of trans fatty acids and risk of breast cancer has been investigated extensively, findings are inconsistent. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do dietary intake and serum levels of trans fatty acids increase risk of breast cancer?

Study design:
This review article included 6 cohort studies and 1 nested case-control study on total dietary trans fat intake and 1 cohort study and 4 nested case-control studies on serum trans fatty acids.

Participants were apparently healthy aged 26 years or older.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found no significant relationship between dietary intake of total trans fatty acids and risk of breast cancer [pooled effect size = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.95-1.10, p = 0.403].

The investigators found in 3 effect sizes from 2 cohort studies and 1 nested case-control study, no significant relation between dietary intake of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and risk of breast cancer [pooled effect size = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.95-1.17, p = 0.513].

The investigators found based on 5 effect sizes, each additional 1 g/day dietary intake of total trans fats was not significantly associated with risk of breast cancer [RR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.99-1.01].

The investigators found high serum levels of trans fats were associated with an increased risk of 37% of breast cancer among postmenopausal women [pooled effect size = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.04-1.81, p = 0.02].

The investigators concluded dietary intake of trans fatty acids (also called trans fats) is not associated with risk of breast cancer. However, a significant positive association is seen between serum trans fats and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.

Original title:
Dietary intake and serum levels of trans fatty acids and risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies by Anjom-Shoae J, Sadeghi O, […], Esmaillzadeh A.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30954361

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on trans fatty acids consumption, review article/significantly and breastcancer right here.

Objectives:
Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates until 6 months in most low and middle income countries (LMICs) are well below the 90% World Health Organization benchmark. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

The goal of this review article is to provide evidence on effectiveness of various interventions on exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months in low and middle income countries, compared with standard care.

Study design:
This review article included 67 studies (experimental and observational) with 79 comparisons from 30 low and middle income countries.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found at 6 months, intervention group infants were more likely to be exclusively breastfed than controls [RR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.73 to 2.77, I2 = 78.4%, 25 randomized controlled trials].

The investigators found larger effects were obtained from interventions delivered by a combination of professional and laypersons [RR = 3.90, 95% CI = 1.25, 12.21, I2 = 46.7%], in interventions spanning antenatal and post-natal periods [RR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.70 to 3.38, I2 = 83.6%] and when intensity was between 4 to 8 contacts/sessions [RR = 3.20, 95% CI = 2.30 to 4.45, I2 = 53.8%].

The investigators concluded exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months in low and middle income countries can be improved by a combination of professional and laypersons, interventions spanning antenatal and post-natal periods and when intensity was between 4 to 8 contacts/sessions. Therefore, choice of intervention should be driven by feasibility of delivery in the local context to reduce infant mortality.

Original title:
Improving exclusive breastfeeding in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review by Olufunlayo TF, Roberts AA, […], Jolly K.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30665273

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on food fortification/malnutrition and breastfeeding right here.

Objectives:
Diverse studies have investigated the impact of prenatal exposure to vitamin D levels on brain development. However, evidence in humans has never been systematically reviewed. Therefore, this meta-analysis (systematic review) has been conducted.

Has a high prenatal vitamin D level positive effect on brain development of the born child?

Study design:
This review article included 25 studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found comparing with the lowest category of prenatal 25(OH)D levels (vitamin D level in blood), the highest prenatal 25(OH)D levels had no significant effects on cognition [pooled beta coefficients = 0.95, 95% CI = -0.03 to 1.93, p = 0.05].

The investigators found comparing with the lowest category of prenatal 25(OH)D levels (vitamin D level in blood), the highest prenatal 25(OH)D levels had no significant effects on psychomotor development [pooled beta coefficients = 0.88, 95% CI = -0.18 to 1.93, p = 0.10].

The investigators found comparing with the lowest category of prenatal 25(OH)D levels (vitamin D level in blood), the highest prenatal 25(OH)D levels significantly reduced risk of ADHD of the born child with 28% [pooled relative risk = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.59 to  0.89, p = 0.002].

The investigators found comparing with the lowest category of prenatal 25(OH)D levels (vitamin D level in blood), the highest prenatal 25(OH)D levels significantly reduced risk of autism-related traits of the born child with 58% [pooled odds ratio = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.25 to 0.71, p = 0.001].

The investigators found there was little evidence for protective effects of high prenatal 25(OH)D for language development and behaviour difficulties of the born child.

The investigators concluded this meta-analysis provides supporting evidence that increased prenatal exposure to 25(OH)D levels is associated with reduced risk of ADHD and autism-related traits of the born child later in life. Associations represent a potentially high public health burden given the current prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among childbearing aging and pregnant women.

Original title:
Neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal vitamin D in humans: systematic review and meta-analysis by García-Serna AM and Morales E.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30696940

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on vitamin D and pregnancy right here.

 

Objectives:
Is there an association between potato consumption and risk of all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular mortality in adults?

Study design:
This review article included 20  prospective cohort studies with 25,208 cases of all-cause mortality, 4,877 of cancer mortality and 2,366 of cardiovascular mortality.

There was no evidence for publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found no significant association between potato consumption and risk of all-cause [RR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.8 to 1.02, p = 0.096] and cancer [RR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.96 to 1.24, p = 0.204] mortality.

The investigators found, in addition, no significant linear association between each 100 g/d increments in potato consumption and risk of all-cause [p = 0.7] and cancer [p = 0.09] mortality.
Moreover, nonlinear association between potato consumption and risk of cancer mortality was non-significant [p-nonlinearity = 0.99].

The investigators found, in addition, 2 of 3 studies which examined the association of potato consumption with cardiovascular mortality did not find any significant relationship.

The investigators concluded there is no association between potato consumption and risk of all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular mortality in adults.

Original title:
Potato consumption and risk of all cause, cancer and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies by Darooghegi Mofrad M, Milajerdi A, […], Azadbakht L.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30638040

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on of potato consumption and elderly right here.
 

Objectives:
Previous meta-analysis showed an inverse association between coffee consumption and all-cause mortality. However, the relationship between caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption and all-cause mortality is inconsistent. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption reduce all-cause mortality?

Study design:
This review article included 21 cohort studies with a total of 10,103,115 study participants and 240,303 deaths.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found a nonlinear association between coffee consumption and all-cause mortality [p nonlinearity 0.001].

The investigators found compared with no or rare coffee consumption that 3 cups/d coffee consumption significantly reduced risk of all-cause mortality with 13% [RR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.89].

The investigators concluded that 3 cups/d coffee consumption reduce risk of all-cause mortality. The reduced risks are similar for caffeinated coffee and decaffeinated coffee.

Original title:
Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption and risk of all-cause mortality: a dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies by Li Q, Liu Y, […], Hu D.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30786114

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about coffee consumption and chronic diseases.
 

Objectives:
The prevalence of Clostridium difficile infection is rapidly increasing worldwide, but prevalence is difficult to estimate in developing countries where awareness, diagnostic resources and surveillance protocols are limited. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

The goal of this review article is to determine the current prevalence and incidence density rates of first episodes of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in developing countries.

Study design:
This review article included studies with data providing prevalence or incidence rates of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in developing countries within four regions: Africa-Middle East, developing Asia, Latin America and China.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found within the regions, the prevalence of Clostridium difficile infection in patients with diarrhea was 15% [95% CI = 13-17%] (including community and hospitalized patients), with no significant difference across regions.

The investigators found the incidence of Clostridium difficile infection in 17 studies including this information was 8.5 per 10,000 patient-days [95% CI = 5.83-12.46]. Prevalence was significantly higher in hospitalized patients versus community patients [p = 0.0227].

The investigators concluded the prevalence estimate of 15% is concerning; however, low awareness and inconsistent diagnostic and surveillance protocols suggest this is markedly underestimated. Enhanced awareness and management of Clostridium difficile infection in patients with diarrhea, along with improvements in infection control and surveillance practices, should be implemented to reduce prevalence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in developing countries.

Original title:
Clostridium difficile-associated Diarrhea in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Curcio D, Cané A, […], Correa J.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30659481

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on food fortification/malnutrition right here.

Objectives:
Fish consumption and dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated acids (PUFAs) may be associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Is there an association between fish consumption or dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated acids (PUFAs) and inflammatory bowel disease risk?

Study design:
This review article included 5 prospective cohort studies and 7 case-control studies with a total sample size of 282,610 participants which 2,002 of them were cases of inflammatory bowel disease (1,061 Crohn's disease (CD) and 937 ulcerative colitis (UC)).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found fish consumption significantly reduced risk of Crohn's disease with 46% [pooled effect size = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.31-0.96, p = 0.03].

The investigators found there was no relationship between total dietary n-3 PUFAs intake and inflammatory bowel disease risk [pooled effect size = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.80-1.72, p = 0.41].

The investigators found dietary long-chain n-3 PUFAs significantly reduced ulcerative colitis risk with 25% [pooled effect size = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.57-0.98, p = 0.03].

The investigators found no association between dietary α-linolenic acid (ALA) and inflammatory bowel disease risk [pooled effect size = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.63-2.17, p = 0.62].

The investigators concluded fish consumption reduces risk of Crohn's disease and dietary intake of long-chain n-3 PUFAs reduces risk of ulcerative colitis.

Original title:
Dietary intake of fish, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies by Mozaffari H, Daneshzad E, […], Azadbakht L.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30680455

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about fish consumption, n-3 PUFAs and chronic diseases.
 

Objectives:
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an intermittent commensal organism in the nasopharynx. Colonisation is a prerequisite for disease and malnourished children are especially susceptible to severe infection.

The goal of this review article is to examine published prevalence rates of pneumococcal colonisation in the upper respiratory tract of chronically malnourished children 5 y of age.

Study design:
This review article included 9 observational studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found the prevalence rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation in malnourished children during the first month of life ranged from 1.0 to 2.0%, increasing at 2 months to 53.9-80.0%. Carriage remained similar from 3 to 60 months at 64.1-88.0%.  

The investigators found meta-analysis showed a pooled prevalence of 67.2% [95% CI = 55.6 to 78.7] in infants 0-3 months of age, 77.9% [95% CI = 68.1 to 87.7] in infants 3-6 months of age and 77.8% [95% CI = 73.9-81.6%] in infants 6-60 months of age.

The investigators concluded in malnourished children the rates of pneumococcal colonisation are higher than in healthy, well-nourished children. Knowledge of colonisation rates can inform policies on vaccination and ancillary interventions during treatment of malnutrition. Future studies should assess the impact of reducing colonisation on disease rates or transmission in these “at-risk” individuals.

Original title:
Nasopharyngeal colonisation with Streptococcus pneumoniae in malnourished children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence by Smith HC, German E, […], Rylance J.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30624761

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on food fortification/malnutrition right here.