Objectives:
It has been unclear whether supplemental probiotics therapy improves clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetic patients. Therefore, this meta-analysis (systematic review) has been conducted.

Do probiotics supplements improve clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetic patients?

Study design:
This review article included 12 RCTs involving 684 type 2 diabetic patients.

Scientific studies on the relationship between pre-&probiotics and disease prevention:
A review article of randomized, placebo-controlled double blind clinical trials (RCTs) will answer the following question:
"Do taking dietary supplements make sense?" Yes for a positive conclusion and no for a negative conclusion.

A review article of cohort studies or case-control studies will answer the following question:
"Should I change my diet?

Objectives:
Current studies evaluating the association of tea consumption and bone mineral density (BMD) have yielded inconsistent findings. Therefore, this meta-analysis (review article) has been conducted.

Does tea consumption increase bone mineral density?

Study design:
This review article included 4 cohort, 1 case-control and 8 cross-sectional studies including a total of 12,635 cases (6,059 in the tea consumption group and 6,576 individuals in non-tea consumption group).

• In humans, classification of vanadium as an “essential nutrient” is still a topic of debate.
• If vanadium is essential for humans, its requirement most likely is very small.
• Whole grains, seafood, meat, dairy products, spinach, parsley, mushrooms and oysters contain relatively high amounts of vanadium.
• An average diet supplies 6-18 mcg of vanadium per day, with an estimated five percent of ingested vanadium being absorbed.

• Silicon is an essential mineral.
• Rich dietary sources of silicon are plant-based foods (cereals, grains and some fruits (bananas) and vegetables) and little from dairy and meat.
• Beer is a highly bioavailable natural source of silicon.
  Silicon is present in beer in the soluble form of orthosilicic acid in which form there is >50% bioavailability.
• In general, drinking water in Europe and America contains from 2 to 5 mg silicon/l.
• The mean bioavailability of dietary silicon is approximately 41%.

Objectives:
Have flaxseed supplementation positive effects on body composition?

Study design:
This review article included a total of 45 RCTs.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found a significant reduction in body weight [WMD = -0.99 kg, 95% CI = -1.67 to -0.31, p = 0.004], BMI [WMD = -0.30 kg m², 95% CI = -0.53 to -0.08, p = 0.008] and waist circumference [WMD = -0.80 cm, 95% CI = -1.40 to -0.20, p = 0.008] following flaxseed supplementation.

Scientific studies (review articles) on the relationship between nuts&seeds and disease prevention:
One swallow does not make a summer. A famous Dutch saying that could not be any more obvious. Just because one single scientific study about a certain topic makes certain claims, it does not necessarily mean it is true. On the other hand, a review article (a collection of scientific studies on a certain topic) of randomized, placebo-controlled double blind clinical trials (RCTs) will answer the following question:

Objectives:
Iron deficiency is a prevalent nutritional disease and fatigue is a common complaint in the general and patient population, however, the association between iron deficiency without anaemia (IDNA) and fatigue is unclear. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does improving iron status decrease fatigue in patients with iron deficiency without anaemia?

Study design:
This review article included a total of 6 RCTs and 6 cross-sectional studies.

Objectives:
Studies implicate choline and betaine metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Is there an association between choline and betaine dietary intake and cardiovascular disease?

Scientific studies on the relationship between choline and disease prevention:
One swallow does not make a summer. A famous Dutch saying that could not be any more obvious. Just because one single scientific study about a certain topic makes certain claims, it does not necessarily mean it is true. On the other hand, a review article (a collection of scientific studies on a certain topic) of randomized, placebo-controlled double blind clinical trials (RCTs) will answer the following question: