Objectives:
Previous meta-analyses identified an inverse association of coffee consumption with the risk of type 2 diabetes. However, an updated meta-analysis is needed because new studies comparing the trends of association for caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee have since been published. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does coffee intake reduce type 2 diabetes risk in a dose-response manner?

Objectives:
A large body of evidence suggests that the first 1000 days from conception is a critical window in which interventions to address malnutrition will be most effective, but little is known about the impact on linear growth of nutritional interventions in children ≥2 years of age. Therefore, this meta-analysis (review article) has been conducted.

Objectives:
Increased dietary potassium intake is thought to be associated with low blood pressure (BP). Whether potassium supplementation may be used as an antihypertensive agent is a question that should be answered. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does potassium supplementation reduce blood pressure among patients with essential hypertension (SBP ≥140 mmHg and DBP ≥90 mmHg)?

• Next to calcium, phosphorus is the most abundant mineral in the body.
• The main food sources of phosphorus are the protein food groups of meat and milk.
• Phosphorus is needed for the growth, maintenance and repair of all tissues and cells and for the production of the genetic building blocks, DNA and RNA.

Objectives:
The association between elevated serum phosphorus concentration and cardiovascular or all-cause mortality yielded conflicting results. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does an elevated serum phosphorus concentration increase cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in the general population?

Study design:
This review article included 6 prospective cohort studies involving 120,269 subjects.

Objectives:
Manganese (Mn) is one of the most studied environmental heavy metals linked to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, it remains unclear whether serum manganese levels are associated with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognition impairment (MCI, a prodromal stage of AD). Therefore, this meta-analysis (review article) has been conducted.

Does a lower serum manganese level increase risk of cognitive decline?

• Molybdenum is a trace mineral.
• Nuts, grains, cauliflower and leafy vegetables are good sources, whereas animal products and fruit are low in molybdenum.
• Molybdenum content of plant-based foods is dependent on the amount of molybdenum in the soil in which they are grown.
• Molybdenum is a cofactor for 4 important enzymes: xanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase, sulfite oxidase and aldehyde oxidase.

Objectives:
Although circumstantial evidence accumulated to support the hypothesis that Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is protective against severe fatal malaria; there have been several arguments for and against. Therefore, this meta-analysis (review article) has been conducted.

Is there an association between G6PD deficiency and uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria and malaria negative individuals?

Objectives:
Does diabetes increase risk of incident dementia and mild cognitive impairment?

Study design:
This review article included 19 prospective longitudinal studies including 6184 subjects with diabetes and 38530 subjects without diabetes. All subjects were without dementia or mild cognitive impairment at baseline (=at the beginning of the study).

There was no publication bias.

Objectives:
In view of the vital role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the potential of antioxidant supplements to prevent AD have gained much interest, while there are conflicting results on this topic in recent years. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does dietary intake of vitamin C and E and β-carotene decrease risk of Alzheimer's disease?

Study design:
This review article included 7 articles (dietary intake, but no supplements).